http://210.45.112.182:8088/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=HaochengLyuAll Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-12T20:12:32ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.45.1http://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Tianjin&diff=47213Tianjin2026-07-07T05:49:39Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added reference</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianjin (天津)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Tianjin in Stellarium.png|alt=Tianjin in Stellarium|thumb|Tianjin in Stellarium, across the Milky Way]]<br />
{{Infobox constellation<br />
| name = Tianjin (天津)<br />
| native = 天津<br />
| translation = Celestial Ford<br />
| pronounce = Tiānjīn<br />
| IPA = /tʰjɛn˥.t͡ɕin˥/<br />
| culture = Chinese<br />
| RA = ... to ...<br />
| dec = ... to ...<br />
| areatotal = xx.xx<br />
| numbermainstars = 9<br />
| numberbfstars = 9<br />
| numberstarsplanets =<br />
| numberbrightstars = 4<br />
| numbernearbystars =<br />
| brighteststarname = α Cyg<br />
| starmagnitude = 1.25<br />
| neareststarname =<br />
| stardistance =<br />
| numbermessierobjects =<br />
| meteorshowers =<br />
| bordering = Cyg<br />
| notes =<br />
| cat = constellation<br />
}}<br />
''Tiān Jīn'' (天津, Celestial Ford or Celestial Ferry), a Chinese constellation consists of 9 stars, located in [[Cygnus]]. This constellation is regarded as the "ferry or bridge of the Milky Way in the sky" because it spans across the Milky Way. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
The imagery of a celestial ferry had already taken root in the Chinese imagination more than two millennia ago. The great poet Qu Yuan (c. 340–278 BCE) of the Warring States period—often called China's first romantic poet—wrote in his masterpiece Li Sao ("On Encountering Sorrow"):<blockquote>At dawn I set forth from the Celestial Ferry (Tianjin);<br />
<br />
By dusk I had reached the westernmost horizon.</blockquote>This magnificent line describes the poet's spiritual journey through the heavens, unbounded by earthly limits. Though Qu Yuan was not necessarily referring to the specific constellation later codified as Tianjin, his verse reveals that the image of a "Ferry of the Milky Way" had already entered the Chinese literary imagination in very ancient times.<br />
<br />
The earliest recorded description of what would later become the Tianjin constellation appears in Sima Qian's (c. 145–86 BCE) ''Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji)''. In the "Treatise on Celestial Offices," Sima Qian wrote:<blockquote>Beside ''[[Wangliang]]'', there are eight stars cutting across the Milky Way, called ''Tianhuang'' ("Celestial Pier"). Beside ''Tianhuang'' is the River Star (''Jiangxing''). When the River Star stirs, men wade across the waters.</blockquote>According to scholars of later eras, Tianhuang (another name for Tianjin) and the River Star together comprised the nine stars of the future Tianjin constellation. The River Star is [[Deneb]], the brightest of the nine, while the other eight constitute the "pier." The omen that "men wade across the waters" would later inspire another constellation, ''Ren'' (Humans), consisting of five stars placed adjacent to Tianjin. (There is also another Chinese constellation named Tianhuang, consisting of five stars in the constellation [[Auriga]], which should not be confused with the Tianhuang associated with Tianjin.)<ref>Zhu Wenxin朱文鑫. ''A Study of the Star Charts in Sima Qian's "Treatise on Celestial Offices"'' 史记天官书恒星图考. p. 52. Shanghai: The Commercial Press. First edition 1927, second edition 1934.</ref><br />
<br />
After Chen Zhuo (active 3rd century CE) unified the Chinese constellation system, the name of Tianjin was fixed. The ''Book of Jin (Jinshu'', 晋书'')'' states in its "Treatise on Astronomy":<blockquote>Tianjin consists of nine stars lying across the Milky Way. It is also called ''Tianhan'' (a name of the Milky Way) or ''Tianjiang'' (Celestial River). It presides over the ferries and bridges of the Four Great Rivers (the Yangtze, Yellow, Huai, and Ji, refers to all rivers in general), thereby enabling the gods to traverse the four directions. If one star is missing, the fords and passes are blocked.</blockquote><br />
<br />
==== Tianjin and the Legend of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl ====<br />
[[File:Weaving Girl, Cowherd and Celestial Ford.png|thumb|Weaving Girl (Zhinü), Cowherd(Niulang) and the Celestial Ford (Tianjin)]]<br />
For those less concerned with the formal constellation, Tianjin lives on in a more beloved story—the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.<br />
<br />
The Weaver Girl (Zhinü) was a celestial maiden who wove the clouds and rosy dawns. The Cowherd (Niulang) was a handsome mortal who fell in love with her. They married and had two children, but the Queen Mother of the West was furious. She scratched a great river across the sky—the Milky Way—to separate them forever. The lovers could only weep across the celestial river once a year, on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month, when a flock of magpies would form a bridge with their wings, allowing them to meet for one fleeting embrace.<br />
<br />
In many folk traditions, the bridge of magpies is none other than the Tianjin constellation itself. The nine stars of Tianjin stretch across the Milky Way exactly where the magpies are said to alight. Every summer, stargazers can see the "Summer Triangle"—[[Deneb]] (one star of Tianjin), [[Vega]] (the Weaver Girl), and [[Altair]] (the Cowherd)—forming a vast triangle in the eastern sky, the stars of the lovers and their bridge.<br />
<br />
==== Tianjin in Geography ====<br />
The Tianjin constellation was so well known that its name was later applied to several places on Earth. In traditional Chinese thought, there was a long‑held principle of xiang tian fa di (“modeling the earthly upon the heavenly”), whereby human constructions were deliberately designed to mirror celestial patterns.<br />
<br />
'''Tianjin Bridge (Luoyang)'''<br />
<br />
The clearest example is the Tianjin Bridge built across the Luo River in Luoyang during the Sui dynasty (605 CE). Following xiang tian fa di, the Luo River was conceived as the earthly counterpart of the Milky Way (Tianhan), and the bridge that spanned it was accordingly named after the "Celestial Ford" constellation. The bridge was part of a larger celestial allegory in the Sui‑Tang eastern capital, where seven key structures (including Heavenly Tower and Heavenly Street) mirrored the Sun, Moon, and five visible planets. Its stone pier foundations have been excavated in modern times.<br />
<br />
'''Tianjin Municipality'''<br />
<br />
The modern city of Tianjin also owes its name to this constellation. According to the History of Jin (''Jinshi'', 金史), a Tianjin River (天津河) already existed by 1206 CE. It was named after the constellation, taking its meaning from the phrase "a bridge across the Milky Way, a thoroughfare serving all waterways" ('''''Tian'''han '''Jin'''liang,'' '''''Tong'''cao Zhong'''ji''''', '''天'''汉'''津'''梁、'''通'''漕众'''济'''), which explicitly draws on the celestial concept. The Tianjin River was designated as a section of the Grand Canal, serving as a key channel for grain transportation. Around the same time, another waterway, the ''Tongji'' River (通济渠), was also named based on the same phrase. The two rivers were placed under the unified management of a single patrol officer, known as the Tianjin River Patrol Officer.<ref>Toqto'a托克托, et al. "Volume 8: Rivers and Canals.卷八：河渠志" ''History of Jin金史''</ref><br />
<br />
A later, widely known tradition dates to the Ming dynasty. In 1400, Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, boarded ships at the Tianjin River near what is now the Jinhua Bridge on the South Canal during the Jingnan Campaign against his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor. From this point, he switched from overland to waterborne advance and sailed south along the Grand Canal. After seizing the throne and ascending as the Yongle Emperor, he reportedly renamed the settlement Tianjin, meaning the "Ford of the Son of Heaven (Emperor)" ('''''Tian'''zi '''Jin'''du'', '''天'''子'''津'''渡), in commemoration of his departure point. In 1404, he formally established the Tianjin Guard, which is traditionally regarded as the founding date of the city.<br />
<br />
'''Beyond Earth'''<br />
<br />
In 2019, the International Astronomical Union named a lunar crater at the Chang'e‑4 landing site "Tianjin". Together with neighboring craters Zhinü (Weaver Girl) and Hegu (Cowherd), it recreates the Summer Triangle on the lunar surface – with Tianjin again representing the celestial bridge.<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
Tianjin Star is quite prominent in the sky, corresponding to the 9 stars in the constellation [[Cygnus]], without controversy.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!style="color: gray;" |Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!style="color: gray;" |Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!style="color: gray;" |Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!style="color: gray;" |Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!style="color: gray;" |SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
|style="color: gray;" | γ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | γ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | γ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | γ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd (Determinative)<br />
|style="color: gray;" | δ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | δ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | δ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | δ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
|style="color: gray;" | ο1 Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | 30 Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | ο1 Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | ο1 Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
|style="color: gray;" | α Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | α Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | α Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | α Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" | α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|5th<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ν Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ν Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ν Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ν Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|6th<br />
|style="color: gray;" |τ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |τ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |τ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |τ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|7th<br />
|style="color: gray;" |υ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |υ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |υ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |υ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|8th<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ζ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ζ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ζ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ζ Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|9th<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ε Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ε Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ε Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ε Cyg<br />
|style="color: gray;" |ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Tianjin"><br />
File:Tianjin on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|Tianjin on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''<br />
File:Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map.png|Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map<br />
File:Tianjin on 18th century star map.png|Tianjin on ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' star map (18th century)<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name "Tianjinnan" was suggested to be used for ζ Cyg in this constellation. "Tianjinnan" means "Southern star of Tianjin", because ζ Cyg is the southernmost star in the Tianjin asterism. The name "Tianjin" carries important cultural connotations, which makes it a meaningful choice.<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]] [[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Tianjin&diff=47212Tianjin2026-07-07T05:02:54Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianjin (天津)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Tianjin in Stellarium.png|alt=Tianjin in Stellarium|thumb|Tianjin in Stellarium, across the Milky Way]]<br />
{{Infobox constellation<br />
| name = Tianjin (天津)<br />
| native = 天津<br />
| translation = Celestial Ford<br />
| pronounce = Tiānjīn<br />
| IPA = /tʰjɛn˥.t͡ɕin˥/<br />
| culture = Chinese<br />
| RA = ... to ...<br />
| dec = ... to ...<br />
| areatotal = xx.xx<br />
| numbermainstars = 9<br />
| numberbfstars = 9<br />
| numberstarsplanets =<br />
| numberbrightstars = 4<br />
| numbernearbystars =<br />
| brighteststarname = α Cyg<br />
| starmagnitude = 1.25<br />
| neareststarname =<br />
| stardistance =<br />
| numbermessierobjects =<br />
| meteorshowers =<br />
| bordering = Cyg<br />
| notes =<br />
| cat = constellation<br />
}}<br />
''Tiān Jīn'' (天津, Celestial Ford or Celestial Ferry), a Chinese constellation consists of 9 stars, located in [[Cygnus]]. This constellation is regarded as the "ferry or bridge of the Milky Way in the sky" because it spans across the Milky Way. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
The imagery of a celestial ferry had already taken root in the Chinese imagination more than two millennia ago. The great poet Qu Yuan (c. 340–278 BCE) of the Warring States period—often called China's first romantic poet—wrote in his masterpiece Li Sao ("On Encountering Sorrow"):<blockquote>At dawn I set forth from the Celestial Ferry (Tianjin);<br />
<br />
By dusk I had reached the westernmost horizon.</blockquote>This magnificent line describes the poet's spiritual journey through the heavens, unbounded by earthly limits. Though Qu Yuan was not necessarily referring to the specific constellation later codified as Tianjin, his verse reveals that the image of a "Ferry of the Milky Way" had already entered the Chinese literary imagination in very ancient times.<br />
<br />
The earliest recorded description of what would later become the Tianjin constellation appears in Sima Qian's (c. 145–86 BCE) ''Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji)''. In the "Treatise on Celestial Offices," Sima Qian wrote:<blockquote>Beside ''[[Wangliang]]'', there are eight stars cutting across the Milky Way, called ''Tianhuang'' ("Celestial Pier"). Beside ''Tianhuang'' is the River Star (''Jiangxing''). When the River Star stirs, men wade across the waters.</blockquote>According to scholars of later eras, Tianhuang (another name for Tianjin) and the River Star together comprised the nine stars of the future Tianjin constellation. The River Star is [[Deneb]], the brightest of the nine, while the other eight constitute the "pier." The omen that "men wade across the waters" would later inspire another constellation, ''Ren'' (Humans), consisting of five stars placed adjacent to Tianjin. (There is also another Chinese constellation named Tianhuang, consisting of five stars in the constellation [[Auriga]], which should not be confused with the Tianhuang associated with Tianjin.)<ref>Zhu Wenxin朱文鑫. ''A Study of the Star Charts in Sima Qian's "Treatise on Celestial Offices"'' 史记天官书恒星图考. p. 52. Shanghai: The Commercial Press. First edition 1927, second edition 1934.</ref><br />
<br />
After Chen Zhuo (active 3rd century CE) unified the Chinese constellation system, the name of Tianjin was fixed. The ''Book of Jin (Jinshu'', 晋书'')'' states in its "Treatise on Astronomy":<blockquote>Tianjin consists of nine stars lying across the Milky Way. It is also called ''Tianhan'' (a name of the Milky Way) or ''Tianjiang'' (Celestial River). It presides over the ferries and bridges of the Four Great Rivers (the Yangtze, Yellow, Huai, and Ji, refers to all rivers in general), thereby enabling the gods to traverse the four directions. If one star is missing, the fords and passes are blocked.</blockquote><br />
<br />
==== Tianjin and the Legend of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl ====<br />
[[File:Weaving Girl, Cowherd and Celestial Ford.png|thumb|Weaving Girl (Zhinü), Cowherd(Niulang) and the Celestial Ford (Tianjin)]]<br />
For those less concerned with the formal constellation, Tianjin lives on in a more beloved story—the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.<br />
<br />
The Weaver Girl (Zhinü) was a celestial maiden who wove the clouds and rosy dawns. The Cowherd (Niulang) was a handsome mortal who fell in love with her. They married and had two children, but the Queen Mother of the West was furious. She scratched a great river across the sky—the Milky Way—to separate them forever. The lovers could only weep across the celestial river once a year, on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month, when a flock of magpies would form a bridge with their wings, allowing them to meet for one fleeting embrace.<br />
<br />
In many folk traditions, the bridge of magpies is none other than the Tianjin constellation itself. The nine stars of Tianjin stretch across the Milky Way exactly where the magpies are said to alight. Every summer, stargazers can see the "Summer Triangle"—[[Deneb]] (one star of Tianjin), [[Vega]] (the Weaver Girl), and [[Altair]] (the Cowherd)—forming a vast triangle in the eastern sky, the stars of the lovers and their bridge.<br />
<br />
==== Tianjin in Geography ====<br />
The Tianjin constellation was so well known that its name was later applied to several places on Earth. In traditional Chinese thought, there was a long‑held principle of xiang tian fa di (“modeling the earthly upon the heavenly”), whereby human constructions were deliberately designed to mirror celestial patterns.<br />
<br />
'''Tianjin Bridge (Luoyang)'''<br />
<br />
The clearest example is the Tianjin Bridge built across the Luo River in Luoyang during the Sui dynasty (605 CE). Following xiang tian fa di, the Luo River was conceived as the earthly counterpart of the Milky Way (Tianhan), and the bridge that spanned it was accordingly named after the "Celestial Ford" constellation. The bridge was part of a larger celestial allegory in the Sui‑Tang eastern capital, where seven key structures (including Heavenly Tower and Heavenly Street) mirrored the Sun, Moon, and five visible planets. Its stone pier foundations have been excavated in modern times.<br />
<br />
'''Tianjin Municipality'''<br />
<br />
The modern city of Tianjin also owes its name to this constellation. According to the History of Jin (''Jinshi'', 金史), a Tianjin River (天津河) already existed by 1206 CE. It was named after the constellation, taking its meaning from the phrase "a bridge across the Milky Way, a thoroughfare serving all waterways" ('''''Tian'''han '''Jin'''liang,'' '''''Tong'''cao Zhong'''ji''''', '''天'''汉'''津'''梁、'''通'''漕众'''济'''), which explicitly draws on the celestial concept. The Tianjin River was designated as a section of the Grand Canal, serving as a key channel for grain transportation. Around the same time, another waterway, the ''Tongji'' River (通济渠), was also named based on the same phrase. The two rivers were placed under the unified management of a single patrol officer, known as the Tianjin River Patrol Officer.<br />
<br />
A later, widely known tradition dates to the Ming dynasty. In 1400, Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, boarded ships at the Tianjin River near what is now the Jinhua Bridge on the South Canal during the Jingnan Campaign against his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor. From this point, he switched from overland to waterborne advance and sailed south along the Grand Canal. After seizing the throne and ascending as the Yongle Emperor, he reportedly renamed the settlement Tianjin, meaning the "Ford of the Son of Heaven (Emperor)" ('''''Tian'''zi '''Jin'''du'', '''天'''子'''津'''渡), in commemoration of his departure point. In 1404, he formally established the Tianjin Guard, which is traditionally regarded as the founding date of the city.<br />
<br />
'''Beyond Earth'''<br />
<br />
In 2019, the International Astronomical Union named a lunar crater at the Chang'e‑4 landing site "Tianjin". Together with neighboring craters Zhinü (Weaver Girl) and Hegu (Cowherd), it recreates the Summer Triangle on the lunar surface – with Tianjin again representing the celestial bridge.<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
Tianjin Star is quite prominent in the sky, corresponding to the 9 stars in the constellation [[Cygnus]], without controversy.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd (Determinative)<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| 30 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|5th<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|6th<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|7th<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|8th<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|9th<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Tianjin"><br />
File:Tianjin on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|Tianjin on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''<br />
File:Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map.png|Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map<br />
File:Tianjin on 18th century star map.png|Tianjin on ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' star map (18th century)<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name "Tianjinnan" was suggested to be used for ζ Cyg in this constellation. "Tianjinnan" means "Southern star of Tianjin", because ζ Cyg is the southernmost star in the Tianjin asterism. The name "Tianjin" carries important cultural connotations, which makes it a meaningful choice.<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]] [[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Enduri_Senggu&diff=46613Enduri Senggu2026-06-24T12:46:14Z<p>HaochengLyu: Small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Enduri Senggu}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Manchu script of Enduri Senggu.jpg|thumb|Manchu script of ''Enduri Senggu'' and ''Jeguru Enduri''|200x200px]]<br />
'''Enduri Senggu''' (Hedgehog Goddess, the Divine Hedgehog), a Manchu shamanic constellation located in [[Cygnus]]. In Manchu, ''enduri'' means "god" or "goddess", and ''sengge'' (spelled as ''senggu'' in this star name) means "hedgehog". Another more common proper name for this goddess is '''Jeguru Enduri'''.<br />
<br />
''Jeguru Enduri'' does not refer to a single specific hedgehog, but rather to many ''Jeguru Enduri'' existing at the same time, much like hedgehogs living in groups in the real world. Each has the form of a hedgehog, so the name means "hedgehog-shaped goddesses", not "goddess of hedgehogs".<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' is one of the most representative goddesses in Manchu shamanic star worship. The constellation is composed of more than 10 bright stars in the Milky Way, appearing in the central sky around the end of October and shifting westward.<ref name="wang1993">Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1993). On the Star Goddesses of Shamanism论萨满教的星辰女神. ''Journal of Changchun Normal College长春师范学院学报'', (2), 69–72.</ref><ref name="fu1995">Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House.</ref> In Manchu folk tradition, it is commonly known as "Hedgehog Stars" (''Senggu Usiha'') or "House-Frame Stars" because of its role as guardian of human dwellings.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
As a directional deity, ''Enduri Senggu'' is said to point south with its head and north with its tail in winter, and reverse this orientation in summer, thereby guiding human beings. In Manchu creation mythology, ''Enduri Senggu'' was originally ''Ningge Mama'', a sun-near goddess attending the Woman of Heaven ''Abka Hehe'', tasked with patrolling the tremors of the earth. When winter snows arrive, she leads the Sun Goddess to appear in the cold sky and warm the earth.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/> Later, in order to defeat the evil deity ''Yeruri'', Abka Hehe adorned her body with numerous minor spirits; through their help, she turned defeat into victory. After this transformation, ''Ningge Mama'' assumed the form of a hedgehog and came to be called ''Enduri Senggu'', continuing to guard the sky for Abka Hehe for tens of thousands of years.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
== Functions and Symbolism ==<br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess's core function is that of ''guardian of the house'' — protecting human dwellings from plague and from destruction by wind and snow. In the fishing and hunting life of the ancient Manchus, hedgehogs often lived close to human settlements: when plague struck, hedgehogs were always the first to contract the disease and show obvious symptoms, effectively serving as an "alarm" for the safety of human settlements. Moreover, their cough sounds remarkably similar to that of humans. These interesting natural phenomena likely led early peoples to transform this ordinary small animal into a powerful goddess.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the broader cosmic order, the hedgehog goddess is also a ''guardian of life and souls''. According to Manchu mythology, the Jeguru goddess possesses a "garment of light-souls," woven from the light of the sun and the moon.<ref name="fu1995"/> This garment of light can both deter all demons and protect the souls of all living beings.<ref name="backer2000">Bäcker, J. (2000). The shaman's sky. Manchu mythology and starlore in the Amur Valley. ''Ad Seres et Tungusos. Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem'', ''65'', 1–17.</ref> The hedgehog goddess also assisted the three primal goddesses in creating all beings, rearing them, and giving them souls.<ref name="backer2000"/> In Manchu star rituals, the hedgehog goddess is an indispensable star deity.<ref name="fu1995"/> The hedgehog goddess also rules over the course of the sun and moon.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
In another myth, the Jeguru goddess, in order to save Abka Hehe and protect heaven and earth, transformed into a white, fragrant, shimmering peony star (''Šodan Usiha''); when Yeruri and the demons fought over this divine flower, it suddenly turned into ten thousand arrows of light, shooting Yeruri in the eyes until he screamed and fled back to his underground lair. This also explains why Manchu women love to wear flowers — especially white peonies — as it is believed that flowers worn in the hair can ward off demons.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
Among the Manchu people, many legends circulate about the hedgehog goddess benefiting and saving humanity. One such legend tells that after the primal matrix ''Fehe'' was crushed under the sea by a demon king, the hedgehog dug a ventilation hole for her, allowing her to survive.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
== Mythology ==<br />
<br />
=== The Heavenly War ===<br />
<br />
In the Heavenly War myth, the hedgehog goddess is one of the most important helpers of Abka Hehe. According to Manchu creation mythology, Abka Hehe once fell into the traps of the insidious Yeruri and found herself in a fatal situation. It was the hedgehog goddesses who blinded Yeruri with their arrows of light — that is, their spines — forcing him to withdraw. Enduri Senggu is also referred to as Abka Hehe's "Eye-Protecting Goddess," a title that may derive from this very deed of blinding the demon. In the final duel between Abka Hehe and Yeruri, the hedgehog goddesses similarly dazzled and weakened him.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
The hedgehog is praised as the most able of all animals. It is said that it is unsurpassed in both offensive and defensive situations: it can roll itself forward or use its feet, can extend or contract itself, and is therefore invincible. The authority of the hedgehog goddesses derives not only from the dazzling garment of light-spines bestowed upon them by Abka Hehe, but also from the fact that the authority and qualities of all goddesses are united in them.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
=== Creation and the Making of Humanity ===<br />
<br />
In the post-flood creation narrative, Abka Hehe, acting on her master's orders, patrolled the earth and found several beings that had survived the flood, including the hedgehog god ''Senggu Enduri'', the willow goddess ''Fodoho Mama'', and the elm goddess ''Hailan Mama'', and took them as her disciples. Fodoho Mama preserved many souls that had survived the flood on her leaves, and fed them with her two breasts. Later, when Abka Hehe created humans, she "selected from among the animals the intelligent kind that could walk upright, and asked Fodoho Mama to install souls in them, thus forming present-day humanity."<ref name="zhang2011">Zhang, Yahui张亚辉. (2011). A Study of Rituals and Myths in Qing Court Shamanic Sacrifices清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究. ''Qing History Journal清史研究'', (4), 35.</ref> In this process, the hedgehog god participated in the work of installing souls for humanity.<ref name="backer2000"/><ref name="zhang2011"/><br />
<br />
== Rituals and Folk Customs ==<br />
<br />
=== Folk Rituals ===<br />
<br />
The hedgehog star goddess became the guardian deity of the Manchu house; therefore, in former times, when the Manchus built a new house, they would first sacrifice to her.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the star sacrifice, the shaman, when inviting this female star deity, would chant the following spirit song:<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
<blockquote>Hedgehog Stars!<br/>In the midst of heaven,<br/>Star of the settled house,<br/>Drive away demons, drive away demons.</blockquote><br />
When the hedgehog goddess descended, a star-deity lamp with her star chart would be raised, and ice lamps forming her star chart would be lit. The star sacrifice transmitted the shamanic star charts and primitive astronomical knowledge formed by the northern peoples over their long history, passing them down to the present day.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the Manchu fire sacrifice, a deity effigy of the goddess ''Senggu'', made of hedgehog skin, was hung on the sacred tree.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the fire sacrifice ritual, during the invocation of the eagle goddess, a myth is chanted in which the hedgehog goddess appears as a protector:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>Long ago, long ago,<br/>Below was water,<br/>Above was water,<br/>Everywhere was like a great sea,<br/>And in this disaster,<br/>No living thing could survive.<br/>...<br/>The Woman of Heaven sent the Eagle Goddess,<br/>Who carried away the daughter born to this man and woman,<br/>And raised her to become the first female shaman of humanity,<br/>And the primal mother goddess of humanity.<br/>'''When the Eagle Goddess was away,'''<br/>'''It was a group of Hedgehog Goddesses who sheltered her,'''<br/>'''Protecting her from harm by poisonous insects and fierce beasts.'''<ref name="fu1995"/></blockquote><br />
=== Court Rituals (Qing Imperial Shrine) ===<br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess also held an exalted position in Qing court rituals. According to the ''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus'' (''Qinding Manzhou Jishen Jitian Dianli'', 钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼), the evening sacrifices of the Kunning Palace (坤宁宫) included "Enduri Senggu" among the deities worshipped.<ref name="fu1995"/><ref name="qinding">''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼'' (Qianlong 12th year). In ''Liaohai Series辽海丛书''.</ref> The evening sacrifice deity list of the Qing Imperial Shrine (''Tangzi'', 清宫堂子) also included "Enduri Senggu," listed alongside deities such as ''Ahūn i Niyansi'', ''Ancun Ayara'', ''Muri Muriha'', ''Nadan Daihūn'', ''Narhūn Hiyancu'', and ''Katun Noyan''.<ref name="fu1988">Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). An Examination of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭祀辨考. ''Social Science Front社会科学战线'', (4), 209.</ref><ref name="bai1995">Bai, Hongxi白洪希. (1995). An Exploration of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭探赜. ''Manchu Studies满族研究'', (3), 61–63.</ref><br />
<br />
Fu Yuguang pointed out that the evening sacrifice deities of the Qing court and the deities of various Manchu clans can often be cross-referenced — the name "Enduri Senggu" listed in the evening sacrifice deities in Volume 92 of the ''Collected Statutes of the Great Qing'' (''Da Qing Huidian'', 大清会典) can be found in the more than forty handwritten shamanic oracles of various Manchu clans currently in our possession. This confirms that the evening sacrifice deities of the Qing court were not exclusively the ancestral deities of the Aisin Gioro clan, but rather many belonged to more ancient shared deities worshipped by the Jurchen tribes before their differentiation, which were still inherited in the Qing court rituals. Enduri Senggu and ''Nadan Daihūn'' were cosmic star deities highly venerated for generations by the ancient Jurchen tribes, maintaining houses and the tranquility of the years.<ref name="fu1988"/><br />
<br />
The "Portrait Deity" (''huaxiang shen'', 画像神) in the Imperial Shrine sacrifices originated from the ancient Manchu custom of painting ancestral portraits; the painting features stars on the left and the moon on the right, representing the "Seven Maidens in Heaven" (seven goddesses).<ref name="bai1995"/><br />
<br />
=== Linguistics and Cross-Cultural Comparisons ===<br />
<br />
==== Etymology and Cognates ====<br />
The Manchu word for "hedgehog" is /səŋgə/ (Romanized: ''sengge''). In the Manchu-Tungusic languages, this word shows a high degree of consistency:<ref name="chaoke">Chao, Ke朝克. ''Etymological Studies of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词源研究'' / ''Comparative Vocabulary of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词汇比较''.</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!English<br />
!Manchu<br />
!Sibe<br />
!Evenki<br />
!Oroqen<br />
!Hezhe (Nanai)<br />
|-<br />
|Hedgehog<br />
|səŋgə<br />
|səŋgə/səŋə<br />
|səŋŋə/səŋəŋ<br />
|səŋŋə<br />
|səŋkə<br />
|}<br />
This distribution of cognates demonstrates the antiquity of the concept of "hedgehog" in the Manchu-Tungusic language family.<br />
<br />
==== Cross-Cultural Comparisons ====<br />
Similar ideas about the divine hedgehog are found not only among the Manchus but also widely in many traditions of Central, Western, and even Eastern Asia. According to Bäcker's research, the hedgehog as God's helper and counselor, and its eminent position among deities, appear in Rumanian, Bulgaro-Macedonian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Votyak, Cheremis, Chuvash, Kazan-Tatar, Kirghiz, and Buryat legends. In the Buryat and Kirghiz texts in particular, it is the wise, divine hedgehog that brings light back to the cosmos after it has disappeared through some catastrophe or at the devil's hand.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
Róheim believed that the hedgehog's light symbolism had to do with its spines, though he provided no evidence for this. This thesis is, however, fully corroborated by the Manchu text — the hedgehog goddess's "garment of light" and "arrows of light" are precisely transformations of their spines. The center from which these traditions radiated has been believed to be ancient Iran. In the tradition of the Cenggel-Tuvinians, the divine hedgehog is one of the three creator gods.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
Bäcker further notes: "Probably nowhere in the above-mentioned traditions we find such a complete picture of the divine hedgehog's characteristics as in our text."<ref name="backer2000"/> This underscores the unique richness of the Manchu hedgehog goddess mythology within the broader Eurasian tradition of hedgehog veneration.<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
[[File:Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang.jpg|alt=Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang|thumb|Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang]]<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Enduri Senggu with the constellation [[Cygnus]].<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). A Study of Manchu Shamanic Star Rituals and Customs满族萨满教星祭俗考. ''Northern Ethnicities'', (1).</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
According to Manchu tradition, Enduri Senggu points south with its head and north with its tail in winter, and reverses this orientation in summer. If we take ζ Cyg as the head and δ Cyg as the tail, however, this does not seem to correspond to the actual appearance of the sky: at any given time, the stars appear to maintain a fixed orientation, and when the constellation rises in the east during summer, the distinction between "head" and "tail" along the north-south axis is ambiguous.<br />
<br />
A plausible explanation is that the constellation is largely left‑right symmetrical. Thus either orientation can be accommodated — one simply flips the star chart horizontally to obtain the opposite heading. Both versions are equally viable and correspond well to the asterism as depicted in the traditional charts.<gallery widths="200" heights="200" caption="Enduri Senggu"><br />
File:Star Map of Enduri Senggu.png|Star chart of Enduri Senggu, drawn by Fu Yuguang<br />
File:Enduri Senggu in Stellarium.png|Enduri Senggu in Stellarium<br />
File:Enduri Senggu, the superposition of traditional star charts and actual stars.png|The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars<br />
File:The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars (after flipping the star chart horizontally).png|The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars (after flipping the star chart horizontally)<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Enduri Senggu" was suggested to be used for τ Cyg in this constellation. Enduri Senggu is also known as the "Eye-Protecting Goddess", and the star τ Cyg is situated near the position corresponding to the eye of the hedgehog in the traditional Manchu star chart.<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="wang1993">Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1993). On the Star Goddesses of Shamanism论萨满教的星辰女神. ''Journal of Changchun Normal College长春师范学院学报'', (2), 69–72.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="fu1995">Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="backer2000">Bäcker, J. (2000). The shaman's sky. Manchu mythology and starlore in the Amur Valley. ''Ad Seres et Tungusos. Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem'', ''65'', 1–17.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="zhang2011">Zhang, Yahui张亚辉. (2011). A Study of Rituals and Myths in Qing Court Shamanic Sacrifices清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究. ''Qing History Journal清史研究'', (4), 35.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="qinding">''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼'' (Qianlong 12th year). In ''Liaohai Series辽海丛书''.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="fu1988">Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). An Examination of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭祀辨考. ''Social Science Front社会科学战线'', (4), 209.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="bai1995">Bai, Hongxi白洪希. (1995). An Exploration of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭探赜. ''Manchu Studies满族研究'', (3), 61–63.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="chaoke">Chao, Ke朝克. ''Etymological Studies of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词源研究'' / ''Comparative Vocabulary of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词汇比较''.</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:The_superposition_of_traditional_star_chart_and_actual_stars_(after_flipping_the_star_chart_horizontally).png&diff=46612File:The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars (after flipping the star chart horizontally).png2026-06-24T12:43:39Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars (after flipping the star chart horizontally)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Enduri_Senggu&diff=46611Enduri Senggu2026-06-24T11:54:51Z<p>HaochengLyu: Small Fixes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Enduri Senggu}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Manchu script of Enduri Senggu.jpg|thumb|Manchu script of ''Enduri Senggu'' and ''Jeguru Enduri''|200x200px]]<br />
'''Enduri Senggu''' (Hedgehog Goddess, the Divine Hedgehog), a Manchu shamanic constellation located in [[Cygnus]]. In Manchu, ''enduri'' means "god" or "goddess", and ''sengge'' (spelled as ''senggu'' in this star name) means "hedgehog". Another more common proper name for this goddess is '''Jeguru Enduri'''.<br />
<br />
''Jeguru Enduri'' does not refer to a single specific hedgehog, but rather to many ''Jeguru Enduri'' existing at the same time, much like hedgehogs living in groups in the real world. Each has the form of a hedgehog, so the name means "hedgehog-shaped goddesses", not "goddess of hedgehogs").<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' is one of the most representative goddesses in Manchu shamanic star worship. The constellation is composed of more than 10 bright stars in the Milky Way, appearing in the central sky around the end of October and shifting westward.<ref name="wang1993">Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1993). On the Star Goddesses of Shamanism论萨满教的星辰女神. ''Journal of Changchun Normal College长春师范学院学报'', (2), 69–72.</ref><ref name="fu1995">Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House.</ref> In Manchu folk tradition, it is commonly known as "Hedgehog Stars" (''Senggu Usiha'') or "House-Frame Stars" because of its role as guardian of human dwellings.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
As a directional deity, ''Enduri Senggu'' is said to point south with its head and north with its tail in winter, and reverse this orientation in summer, thereby guiding human beings. In Manchu creation mythology, ''Enduri Senggu'' was originally ''Ningge Mama'', a sun-near goddess attending the Woman of Heaven ''Abka Hehe'', tasked with patrolling the tremors of the earth. When winter snows arrive, she leads the Sun Goddess to appear in the cold sky and warm the earth.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/> Later, in order to defeat the evil deity ''Yeruri'', Abka Hehe adorned her body with numerous minor spirits; through their help, she turned defeat into victory. After this transformation, ''Ningge Mama'' assumed the form of a hedgehog and came to be called ''Enduri Senggu'', continuing to guard the sky for Abka Hehe for tens of thousands of years.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
== Functions and Symbolism ==<br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess's core function is that of ''guardian of the house'' — protecting human dwellings from plague and from destruction by wind and snow. In the fishing and hunting life of the ancient Manchus, hedgehogs often lived close to human settlements: when plague struck, hedgehogs were always the first to contract the disease and show obvious symptoms, effectively serving as an "alarm" for the safety of human settlements. Moreover, their cough sounds remarkably similar to that of humans. These interesting natural phenomena likely led early peoples to transform this ordinary small animal into a powerful goddess.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the broader cosmic order, the hedgehog goddess is also a ''guardian of life and souls''. According to Manchu mythology, the Jeguru goddess possesses a "garment of light-souls," woven from the light of the sun and the moon.<ref name="fu1995"/> This garment of light can both deter all demons and protect the souls of all living beings.<ref name="backer2000">Bäcker, J. (2000). The shaman's sky. Manchu mythology and starlore in the Amur Valley. ''Ad Seres et Tungusos. Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem'', ''65'', 1–17.</ref> The hedgehog goddess also assisted the three primal goddesses in creating all beings, rearing them, and giving them souls.<ref name="backer2000"/> In Manchu star rituals, the hedgehog goddess is an indispensable star deity.<ref name="fu1995"/> The hedgehog goddess also rules over the course of the sun and moon.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
In another myth, the Jeguru goddess, in order to save Abka Hehe and protect heaven and earth, transformed into a white, fragrant, shimmering peony star (''Šodan Usiha''); when Yeruri and the demons fought over this divine flower, it suddenly turned into ten thousand arrows of light, shooting Yeruri in the eyes until he screamed and fled back to his underground lair. This also explains why Manchu women love to wear flowers — especially white peonies — as it is believed that flowers worn in the hair can ward off demons.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
Among the Manchu people, many legends circulate about the hedgehog goddess benefiting and saving humanity. One such legend tells that after the primal matrix ''Fehe'' was crushed under the sea by a demon king, the hedgehog dug a ventilation hole for her, allowing her to survive.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
== Mythology ==<br />
<br />
=== The Heavenly War ===<br />
<br />
In the Heavenly War myth, the hedgehog goddess is one of the most important helpers of Abka Hehe. According to Manchu creation mythology, Abka Hehe once fell into the traps of the insidious Yeruri and found herself in a fatal situation. It was the hedgehog goddesses who blinded Yeruri with their arrows of light — that is, their spines — forcing him to withdraw. Enduri Senggu is also referred to as Abka Hehe's "Eye-Protecting Goddess," a title that may derive from this very deed of blinding the demon. In the final duel between Abka Hehe and Yeruri, the hedgehog goddesses similarly dazzled and weakened him.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
The hedgehog is praised as the most able of all animals. It is said that it is unsurpassed in both offensive and defensive situations: it can roll itself forward or use its feet, can extend or contract itself, and is therefore invincible. The authority of the hedgehog goddesses derives not only from the dazzling garment of light-spines bestowed upon them by Abka Hehe, but also from the fact that the authority and qualities of all goddesses are united in them.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
=== Creation and the Making of Humanity ===<br />
<br />
In the post-flood creation narrative, Abka Hehe, acting on her master's orders, patrolled the earth and found several beings that had survived the flood, including the hedgehog god ''Senggu Enduri'', the willow goddess ''Fodoho Mama'', and the elm goddess ''Hailan Mama'', and took them as her disciples. Fodoho Mama preserved many souls that had survived the flood on her leaves, and fed them with her two breasts. Later, when Abka Hehe created humans, she "selected from among the animals the intelligent kind that could walk upright, and asked Fodoho Mama to install souls in them, thus forming present-day humanity."<ref name="zhang2011">Zhang, Yahui张亚辉. (2011). A Study of Rituals and Myths in Qing Court Shamanic Sacrifices清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究. ''Qing History Journal清史研究'', (4), 35.</ref> In this process, the hedgehog god participated in the work of installing souls for humanity.<ref name="backer2000"/><ref name="zhang2011"/><br />
<br />
== Rituals and Folk Customs ==<br />
<br />
=== Folk Rituals ===<br />
<br />
The hedgehog star goddess became the guardian deity of the Manchu house; therefore, in former times, when the Manchus built a new house, they would first sacrifice to her.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the star sacrifice, the shaman, when inviting this female star deity, would chant the following spirit song:<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
<blockquote>Hedgehog Stars!<br/>In the midst of heaven,<br/>Star of the settled house,<br/>Drive away demons, drive away demons.</blockquote><br />
When the hedgehog goddess descended, a star-deity lamp with her star chart would be raised, and ice lamps forming her star chart would be lit. The star sacrifice transmitted the shamanic star charts and primitive astronomical knowledge formed by the northern peoples over their long history, passing them down to the present day.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the Manchu fire sacrifice, a deity effigy of the goddess ''Senggu'', made of hedgehog skin, was hung on the sacred tree.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the fire sacrifice ritual, during the invocation of the eagle goddess, a myth is chanted in which the hedgehog goddess appears as a protector:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>Long ago, long ago,<br/>Below was water,<br/>Above was water,<br/>Everywhere was like a great sea,<br/>And in this disaster,<br/>No living thing could survive.<br/>...<br/>The Woman of Heaven sent the Eagle Goddess,<br/>Who carried away the daughter born to this man and woman,<br/>And raised her to become the first female shaman of humanity,<br/>And the primal mother goddess of humanity.<br/>'''When the Eagle Goddess was away,'''<br/>'''It was a group of Hedgehog Goddesses who sheltered her,'''<br/>'''Protecting her from harm by poisonous insects and fierce beasts.'''<ref name="fu1995"/></blockquote><br />
=== Court Rituals (Qing Imperial Shrine) ===<br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess also held an exalted position in Qing court rituals. According to the ''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus'' (''Qinding Manzhou Jishen Jitian Dianli'', 钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼), the evening sacrifices of the Kunning Palace (坤宁宫) included "Enduri Senggu" among the deities worshipped.<ref name="fu1995"/><ref name="qinding">''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼'' (Qianlong 12th year). In ''Liaohai Series辽海丛书''.</ref> The evening sacrifice deity list of the Qing Imperial Shrine (''Tangzi'', 清宫堂子) also included "Enduri Senggu," listed alongside deities such as ''Ahūn i Niyansi'', ''Ancun Ayara'', ''Muri Muriha'', ''Nadan Daihūn'', ''Narhūn Hiyancu'', and ''Katun Noyan''.<ref name="fu1988">Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). An Examination of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭祀辨考. ''Social Science Front社会科学战线'', (4), 209.</ref><ref name="bai1995">Bai, Hongxi白洪希. (1995). An Exploration of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭探赜. ''Manchu Studies满族研究'', (3), 61–63.</ref><br />
<br />
Fu Yuguang pointed out that the evening sacrifice deities of the Qing court and the deities of various Manchu clans can often be cross-referenced — the name "Enduri Senggu" listed in the evening sacrifice deities in Volume 92 of the ''Collected Statutes of the Great Qing'' (''Da Qing Huidian'', 大清会典) can be found in the more than forty handwritten shamanic oracles of various Manchu clans currently in our possession. This confirms that the evening sacrifice deities of the Qing court were not exclusively the ancestral deities of the Aisin Gioro clan, but rather many belonged to more ancient shared deities worshipped by the Jurchen tribes before their differentiation, which were still inherited in the Qing court rituals. Enduri Senggu and ''Nadan Daihūn'' were cosmic star deities highly venerated for generations by the ancient Jurchen tribes, maintaining houses and the tranquility of the years.<ref name="fu1988"/><br />
<br />
The "Portrait Deity" (''huaxiang shen'', 画像神) in the Imperial Shrine sacrifices originated from the ancient Manchu custom of painting ancestral portraits; the painting features stars on the left and the moon on the right, representing the "Seven Maidens in Heaven" (seven goddesses).<ref name="bai1995"/><br />
<br />
=== Linguistics and Cross-Cultural Comparisons ===<br />
<br />
==== Etymology and Cognates ====<br />
The Manchu word for "hedgehog" is /səŋgə/ (Romanized: ''sengge''). In the Manchu-Tungusic languages, this word shows a high degree of consistency:<ref name="chaoke">Chao, Ke朝克. ''Etymological Studies of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词源研究'' / ''Comparative Vocabulary of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词汇比较''.</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!English<br />
!Manchu<br />
!Sibe<br />
!Evenki<br />
!Oroqen<br />
!Hezhe (Nanai)<br />
|-<br />
|Hedgehog<br />
|səŋgə<br />
|səŋgə/səŋə<br />
|səŋŋə/səŋəŋ<br />
|səŋŋə<br />
|səŋkə<br />
|}<br />
This distribution of cognates demonstrates the antiquity of the concept of "hedgehog" in the Manchu-Tungusic language family.<br />
<br />
==== Cross-Cultural Comparisons ====<br />
Similar ideas about the divine hedgehog are found not only among the Manchus but also widely in many traditions of Central, Western, and even Eastern Asia. According to Bäcker's research, the hedgehog as God's helper and counselor, and its eminent position among deities, appear in Rumanian, Bulgaro-Macedonian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Votyak, Cheremis, Chuvash, Kazan-Tatar, Kirghiz, and Buryat legends. In the Buryat and Kirghiz texts in particular, it is the wise, divine hedgehog that brings light back to the cosmos after it has disappeared through some catastrophe or at the devil's hand.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
Róheim believed that the hedgehog's light symbolism had to do with its spines, though he provided no evidence for this. This thesis is, however, fully corroborated by the Manchu text — the hedgehog goddess's "garment of light" and "arrows of light" are precisely transformations of their spines. The center from which these traditions radiated has been believed to be ancient Iran. In the tradition of the Cenggel-Tuvinians, the divine hedgehog is one of the three creator gods.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
Bäcker further notes: "Probably nowhere in the above-mentioned traditions we find such a complete picture of the divine hedgehog's characteristics as in our text."<ref name="backer2000"/> This underscores the unique richness of the Manchu hedgehog goddess mythology within the broader Eurasian tradition of hedgehog veneration.<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
[[File:Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang.jpg|alt=Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang|thumb|Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang]]<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Enduri Senggu with the constellation [[Cygnus]].<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). A Study of Manchu Shamanic Star Rituals and Customs满族萨满教星祭俗考. ''Northern Ethnicities'', (1).</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" caption="Enduri Senggu"><br />
File:Star Map of Enduri Senggu.png|Star chart of Enduri Senggu, drawn by Fu Yuguang<br />
File:Enduri Senggu in Stellarium.png|Enduri Senggu in Stellarium<br />
File:Enduri Senggu, the superposition of traditional star charts and actual stars.png|The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Enduri Senggu" was suggested to be used for τ Cyg in this constellation. Enduri Senggu is also known as the "Eye-Protecting Goddess", and the star τ Cyg is situated near the position corresponding to the eye of the hedgehog in the traditional Manchu star chart.<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="wang1993">Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1993). On the Star Goddesses of Shamanism论萨满教的星辰女神. ''Journal of Changchun Normal College长春师范学院学报'', (2), 69–72.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="fu1995">Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="backer2000">Bäcker, J. (2000). The shaman's sky. Manchu mythology and starlore in the Amur Valley. ''Ad Seres et Tungusos. Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem'', ''65'', 1–17.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="zhang2011">Zhang, Yahui张亚辉. (2011). A Study of Rituals and Myths in Qing Court Shamanic Sacrifices清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究. ''Qing History Journal清史研究'', (4), 35.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="qinding">''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼'' (Qianlong 12th year). In ''Liaohai Series辽海丛书''.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="fu1988">Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). An Examination of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭祀辨考. ''Social Science Front社会科学战线'', (4), 209.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="bai1995">Bai, Hongxi白洪希. (1995). An Exploration of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭探赜. ''Manchu Studies满族研究'', (3), 61–63.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="chaoke">Chao, Ke朝克. ''Etymological Studies of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词源研究'' / ''Comparative Vocabulary of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词汇比较''.</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Enduri_Senggu&diff=46610Enduri Senggu2026-06-24T11:44:05Z<p>HaochengLyu: Small Fixes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Enduri Senggu}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Manchu script of Enduri Senggu.jpg|thumb|Manchu script of ''Enduri Senggu'' and ''Jeguru Enduri''|200x200px]]<br />
'''Enduri Senggu''' (Hedgehog Goddess, the Divine Hedgehog), a Manchu shamanic constellation located in [[Cygnus]]. In Manchu, ''enduri'' means "god" or "goddess", and ''sengge'' (spelled as ''senggu'' in this star name) means "hedgehog". Another more common proper name for this goddess is '''Jeguru Enduri'''.<br />
<br />
''Jeguru Enduri'' does not refer to a single specific hedgehog, but rather to many ''Jeguru Enduri'' existing at the same time, much like hedgehogs living in groups in the real world. Each has the form of a hedgehog, so the name means "hedgehog-shaped goddesses", not "goddess of hedgehogs").<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' is one of the most representative goddesses in Manchu shamanic star worship. The constellation is composed of more than 10 bright stars in the Milky Way, appearing in the central sky around the end of October and shifting westward.<ref name="wang1993">Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1993). On the Star Goddesses of Shamanism论萨满教的星辰女神. ''Journal of Changchun Normal College长春师范学院学报'', (2), 69–72.</ref><ref name="fu1995">Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House.</ref> In Manchu folk tradition, it is commonly known as "Hedgehog Stars" (''Senggu Usiha'') or "House-Frame Stars" because of its role as guardian of human dwellings.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
As a directional deity, ''Enduri Senggu'' is said to point south with its head and north with its tail in winter, and reverse this orientation in summer, thereby guiding human beings. In Manchu creation mythology, ''Enduri Senggu'' was originally ''Ningge Mama'', a sun-near goddess attending the Woman of Heaven ''Abka Hehe'', tasked with patrolling the tremors of the earth. When winter snows arrive, she leads the Sun Goddess to appear in the cold sky and warm the earth.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/> Later, in order to defeat the evil deity ''Yeruri'', the Woman of Heaven adorned her body with numerous minor spirits; through their help, she turned defeat into victory. After this transformation, ''Ningge Mama'' assumed the form of a hedgehog and came to be called ''Enduri Senggu'', continuing to guard the sky for the Woman of Heaven for tens of thousands of years.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
=== Functions and Symbolism ===<br />
The hedgehog goddess's core function is that of ''guardian of the house'' — protecting human dwellings from plague and from destruction by wind and snow. In the fishing and hunting life of the ancient Manchus, hedgehogs often lived close to human settlements: when plague struck, hedgehogs were always the first to contract the disease and show obvious symptoms, effectively serving as an "alarm" for the safety of human settlements. Moreover, their cough sounds remarkably similar to that of humans. These interesting natural phenomena likely led early peoples to transform this ordinary small animal into a powerful goddess.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the broader cosmic order, the hedgehog goddess is also a ''guardian of life and souls''. According to Manchu mythology, the Jeguru goddess (i.e., the hedgehog goddess) possesses a "garment of light-souls," woven from the light of the sun and the moon.<ref name="fu1995"/> This garment of light can both deter all demons and protect the souls of all living beings. The hedgehog goddess also assisted the three primal goddesses in creating all beings, rearing them, and giving them souls.<ref name="backer2000">Bäcker, J. (2000). The shaman's sky. Manchu mythology and starlore in the Amur Valley. ''Ad Seres et Tungusos. Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem'', ''65'', 1–17.</ref> In Manchu star rituals, the hedgehog goddess gathers the power of all deities, repeatedly defeating the evil god Yeruri with her dazzling garment of light, making her an indispensable star deity in the star sacrifice.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess also rules over the course of the sun and moon. In the Heavenly War, the hedgehog goddesses blinded Yeruri with arrows of light shot from their spines, forcing him to withdraw.<ref name="backer2000"/> In another myth, the Jeguru goddess, in order to save Abka Hehe and protect heaven and earth, transformed into a white, fragrant, shimmering peony stars (''Šodan Usiha''); when Yeruri and the demons fought over this divine flower, it suddenly turned into ten thousand arrows of light, shooting Yeruri in the eyes until he screamed and fled back to his underground lair. This also explains why Manchu women love to wear flowers — especially white peonies — as it is believed that flowers worn in the hair can ward off demons.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
Among the Manchu people, many legends circulate about the hedgehog goddess benefiting and saving humanity. One such legend tells that after the primal matrix ''Fehe'' was crushed under the sea by a demon king, the hedgehog dug a ventilation hole for her, allowing her to survive.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
=== Mythology ===<br />
<br />
==== Origin and Transformation ====<br />
The hedgehog goddess was originally the sun-near goddess Ningge Mama, an attendant of the Woman of Heaven Abka Hehe, tasked with patrolling the tremors of the earth.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/> In winter, she leads the Sun Goddess to appear in the cold sky and warm the earth. Later, in order to defeat the evil god Yeruri, the Woman of Heaven adorned her with numerous minor spirits, and through her, turned defeat into victory. Thereafter, Ningge Mama, having taken the form of a hedgehog, came to be called ''Enduri Senggu'', continuing to guard the sky for the Woman of Heaven; she has been the Hedgehog Star Goddess for tens of thousands of years.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
==== The Heavenly War ====<br />
In the Heavenly War myth, the hedgehog goddess is one of the most important helpers of Abka Hehe. According to Manchu creation mythology, Abka Hehe once fell into the traps of the insidious Yeruri and found herself in a fatal situation. It was the hedgehog goddesses who blinded Yeruri with their arrows of light — that is, their spines — forcing him to withdraw. Enduri Senggu is also referred to as Abka Hehe's "Eye-Protecting Goddess," a title that may derive from this very deed of blinding the demon. In the final duel between Abka Hehe and Yeruri, the hedgehog goddesses similarly dazzled and weakened him.<ref name="backer2000" /><br />
<br />
The hedgehog is praised as the most able of all animals. It is said that it is unsurpassed in both offensive and defensive situations: it can roll itself forward or use its feet, can extend or contract itself, and is therefore invincible. The authority of the hedgehog goddesses derives not only from the dazzling garment of light-spines bestowed upon them by Abka Hehe, but also from the fact that the authority and qualities of all goddesses are united in them.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
==== Creation and the Making of Humanity ====<br />
In the post-flood creation narrative, Abka Hehe, acting on her master's orders, patrolled the earth and found several beings that had survived the flood, including the hedgehog god ''Senggu Enduri'', the willow goddess ''Fodoho Mama'', and the elm goddess ''Hailan Mama'', and took them as her disciples. The willow goddess Fodoho Mama preserved many souls that had survived the flood on her leaves, and fed them with her two breasts. Later, when Abka Hehe created humans, she "selected from among the animals the intelligent kind that could walk upright, and asked Fodoho Mama to install souls in them, thus forming present-day humanity."<ref name="zhang2011">Zhang, Yahui张亚辉. (2011). A Study of Rituals and Myths in Qing Court Shamanic Sacrifices清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究. ''Qing History Journal清史研究'', (4), 35.</ref> In this process, the hedgehog god, as a disciple and helper of the Woman of Heaven, participated in the work of installing souls for humanity.<ref name="backer2000" /><ref name="zhang2011" /><br />
<br />
=== Rituals and Folk Customs ===<br />
<br />
==== Folk Rituals ====<br />
The hedgehog star goddess became the guardian deity of the Manchu house; therefore, in former times, when the Manchus built a new house, they would first sacrifice to her.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the star sacrifice, the shaman, when inviting this female star deity, would chant the following spirit song:<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
<blockquote> Hedgehog Stars!<br/>In the midst of heaven,<br/>Star of the settled house,<br/>Drive away demons, drive away demons. </blockquote><br />
When the hedgehog goddess descended, a star-deity lamp with her star chart would be raised, and ice lamps forming her star chart would be lit. The star sacrifice transmitted the shamanic star charts and primitive astronomical knowledge formed by the northern peoples over their long history, passing them down to the present day.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the Manchu fire sacrifice, a deity effigy of the goddess "Senggu", made of hedgehog skin, was hung on the sacred tree. It is said that she was originally the sun-near goddess Ningge Mama, the messenger who patrolled the tremors of the earth; when she returns to heaven, she becomes the Hedgehog Star, still looking down upon the earth and guarding human dwellings.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the fire sacrifice ritual, during the invocation of the eagle goddess, a myth is chanted in which the hedgehog goddess appears as a protector:<br />
<br />
<blockquote> Long ago, long ago,<br/>Below was water,<br/>Above was water,<br/>Everywhere was like a great sea,<br/>And in this disaster,<br/>No living thing could survive.<br/>...<br/>The Woman of Heaven sent the Eagle Goddess,<br/>Who carried away the daughter born to this man and woman,<br/>And raised her to become the first female shaman of humanity,<br/>And the primal mother goddess of humanity.<br/>'''When the Eagle Goddess was away,'''<br/>'''It was a group of Hedgehog Goddesses who sheltered her,'''<br/>'''Protecting her from harm by poisonous insects and fierce beasts.'''<ref name="fu1995"/> </blockquote><br />
<br />
==== Court Rituals (Qing Imperial Shrine) ====<br />
The hedgehog goddess also held an exalted position in Qing court rituals. According to the ''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus'' (''Qinding Manzhou Jishen Jitian Dianli'', 钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼), the evening sacrifices of the Kunning Palace (坤宁宫) included "Enduri Senggu" among the deities worshipped.<ref name="fu1995"/><ref name="qinding">''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼'' (Qianlong 12th year). In ''Liaohai Series辽海丛书''.</ref> The evening sacrifice deity list of the Qing Imperial Shrine (''Tangzi'', 清宫堂子) also included "Enduri Senggu," listed alongside deities such as ''Ahūn i Niyansi'', ''Ancun Ayara'', ''Muri Muriha'', ''Nadan Daihūn'', ''Narhūn Hiyancu'', and ''Katun Noyan''.<ref name="fu1988">Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). An Examination of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭祀辨考. ''Social Science Front社会科学战线'', (4), 209.</ref><ref name="bai1995">Bai, Hongxi白洪希. (1995). An Exploration of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭探赜. ''Manchu Studies满族研究'', (3), 61–63.</ref><br />
<br />
Fu Yuguang pointed out that the evening sacrifice deities of the Qing court and the deities of various Manchu clans can often be cross-referenced — the name "Enduri Senggu" listed in the evening sacrifice deities in Volume 92 of the ''Collected Statutes of the Great Qing'' (''Da Qing Huidian'', 大清会典) can all be found in the more than forty handwritten shamanic oracles of various Manchu clans currently in our possession. This confirms that the evening sacrifice deities of the Qing court were not exclusively the ancestral deities of the Aisin Gioro clan, but rather many belonged to more ancient shared deities worshipped by the Jurchen tribes before their differentiation, which were still inherited in the Qing court rituals. Enduri Senggu and Nadan Daihūn were cosmic star deities highly venerated for generations by the ancient Jurchen tribes, maintaining houses and the tranquility of the years.<ref name="fu1988"/><br />
<br />
The "Portrait Deity" (''huaxiang shen'', 画像神) in the Imperial Shrine sacrifices originated from the ancient Manchu custom of painting ancestral portraits; the painting features stars on the left and the moon on the right, representing the "Seven Maidens in Heaven" (seven goddesses).<ref name="bai1995"/><br />
<br />
=== Linguistics and Cross-Cultural Comparisons ===<br />
<br />
==== Etymology and Cognates ====<br />
The Manchu word for "hedgehog" is /səŋgə/ (Romanized: ''sengge''). In the Manchu-Tungusic languages, this word shows a high degree of consistency:<ref name="chaoke">Chao, Ke朝克. ''Etymological Studies of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词源研究'' / ''Comparative Vocabulary of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词汇比较''.</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!English<br />
!Manchu<br />
!Sibe<br />
!Evenki<br />
!Oroqen<br />
!Hezhe (Nanai)<br />
|-<br />
|Hedgehog<br />
|səŋgə<br />
|səŋgə/səŋə<br />
|səŋŋə/səŋəŋ<br />
|səŋŋə<br />
|səŋkə<br />
|}<br />
This distribution of cognates demonstrates the antiquity of the concept of "hedgehog" in the Manchu-Tungusic language family.<ref name="chaoke" /><br />
<br />
==== Cross-Cultural Comparisons ====<br />
Similar ideas about the divine hedgehog are found not only among the Manchus but also widely in many traditions of Central, Western, and even Eastern Asia. According to Bäcker's research, the hedgehog as God's helper and counselor, and its eminent position among deities, appear in Rumanian, Bulgaro-Macedonian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Votyak, Cheremis, Chuvash, Kazan-Tatar, Kirghiz, and Buryat legends. In the Buryat and Kirghiz texts in particular, it is the wise, divine hedgehog that brings light back to the cosmos after it has disappeared through some catastrophe or at the devil's hand.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
Róheim believed that the hedgehog's light symbolism had to do with its spines, though he provided no evidence for this. This thesis is, however, fully corroborated by the Manchu text — the hedgehog goddess's "garment of light" and "arrows of light" are precisely transformations of their spines. The center from which these traditions radiated has been believed to be ancient Iran. In the tradition of the Cenggel-Tuvinians, the divine hedgehog is one of the three creator gods.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
Bäcker further notes: "Probably nowhere in the above-mentioned traditions we find such a complete picture of the divine hedgehog's characteristics as in our text."<ref name="backer2000"/> This underscores the unique richness of the Manchu hedgehog goddess mythology within the broader Eurasian tradition of hedgehog veneration.<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
[[File:Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang.jpg|alt=Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang|thumb|Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang]]<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Enduri Senggu with the constellation [[Cygnus]].<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). A Study of Manchu Shamanic Star Rituals and Customs满族萨满教星祭俗考. ''Northern Ethnicities'', (1).</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" caption="Enduri Senggu"><br />
File:Star Map of Enduri Senggu.png|Star chart of Enduri Senggu, drawn by Fu Yuguang<br />
File:Enduri Senggu in Stellarium.png|Enduri Senggu in Stellarium<br />
File:Enduri Senggu, the superposition of traditional star charts and actual stars.png|The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Enduri Senggu" was suggested to be used for τ Cyg in this constellation. Enduri Senggu is also known as the "Eye-Protecting Goddess", and the star τ Cyg is situated near the position corresponding to the eye of the hedgehog in the traditional Manchu star chart.<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="wang1993">Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1993). On the Star Goddesses of Shamanism论萨满教的星辰女神. ''Journal of Changchun Normal College长春师范学院学报'', (2), 69–72.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="fu1995">Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="backer2000">Bäcker, J. (2000). The shaman's sky. Manchu mythology and starlore in the Amur Valley. ''Ad Seres et Tungusos. Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem'', ''65'', 1–17.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="zhang2011">Zhang, Yahui张亚辉. (2011). A Study of Rituals and Myths in Qing Court Shamanic Sacrifices清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究. ''Qing History Journal清史研究'', (4), 35.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="qinding">''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼'' (Qianlong 12th year). In ''Liaohai Series辽海丛书''.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="fu1988">Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). An Examination of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭祀辨考. ''Social Science Front社会科学战线'', (4), 209.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="bai1995">Bai, Hongxi白洪希. (1995). An Exploration of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭探赜. ''Manchu Studies满族研究'', (3), 61–63.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="chaoke">Chao, Ke朝克. ''Etymological Studies of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词源研究'' / ''Comparative Vocabulary of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词汇比较''.</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Enduri_Senggu&diff=46609Enduri Senggu2026-06-24T11:02:01Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added History of Enduri Senggu</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Enduri Senggu}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Manchu script of Enduri Senggu.jpg|thumb|Manchu script of ''Enduri Senggu'' and ''Jeguru Enduri''|200x200px]]<br />
'''Enduri Senggu''' (Hedgehog Goddess, the Divine Hedgehog), a Manchu shamanic constellation located in [[Cygnus]]. In Manchu, ''enduri'' means "god" or "goddess", and ''sengge'' (spelled as ''senggu'' in this star name) means "hedgehog". Another more common proper name for this goddess is '''Jeguru Enduri'''.<br />
<br />
''Jeguru Enduri'' does not refer to a single specific hedgehog, but rather to many ''Jeguru Enduri'' existing at the same time, much like hedgehogs living in groups in the real world. Each has the form of a hedgehog, so the name means "hedgehog-shaped goddesses", not "goddess of hedgehogs").<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' is one of the most representative goddesses in Manchu shamanic star worship. The constellation is composed of more than 10 bright stars in the Milky Way, appearing in the central sky around the end of October and shifting westward.<ref name="wang1993">Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1993). On the Star Goddesses of Shamanism论萨满教的星辰女神. ''Journal of Changchun Normal College长春师范学院学报'', (2), 69–72.</ref><ref name="fu1995">Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House.</ref> In Manchu folk tradition, it is commonly known as "Hedgehog Stars" (''Senggu Usiha'') or "House-Frame Stars" because of its role as guardian of human dwellings.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
As a directional deity, ''Enduri Senggu'' is said to point south with its head and north with its tail in winter, and reverse this orientation in summer, thereby guiding human beings. In Manchu creation mythology, ''Enduri Senggu'' was originally ''Ningge Mama'', a sun-near goddess attending the Woman of Heaven ''Abka Hehe'', tasked with patrolling the tremors of the earth. When winter snows arrive, she leads the Sun Goddess to appear in the cold sky and warm the earth.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/> Later, in order to defeat the evil deity ''Yeruri'', the Woman of Heaven adorned her body with numerous minor spirits; through their help, she turned defeat into victory. After this transformation, ''Ningge Mama'' assumed the form of a hedgehog and came to be called ''Enduri Senggu'', continuing to guard the sky for the Woman of Heaven for tens of thousands of years.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
== Functions and Symbolism ==<br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess's core function is that of ''guardian of the house'' — protecting human dwellings from plague and from destruction by wind and snow. In the fishing and hunting life of the ancient Manchus, hedgehogs often lived close to human settlements: when plague struck, hedgehogs were always the first to contract the disease and show obvious symptoms, effectively serving as an "alarm" for the safety of human settlements. Moreover, their cough sounds remarkably similar to that of humans. These interesting natural phenomena likely led early peoples to transform this ordinary small animal into a powerful goddess.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the broader cosmic order, the hedgehog goddess is also a ''guardian of life and souls''. According to Manchu mythology, the Jeguru goddess (i.e., the hedgehog goddess) possesses a "garment of light-souls," woven from the light of the sun and the moon.<ref name="fu1995"/> This garment of light can both deter all demons and protect the souls of all living beings. The hedgehog goddess also assisted the three primal goddesses in creating all beings, rearing them, and giving them souls.<ref name="backer2000">Bäcker, J. (2000). The shaman's sky. Manchu mythology and starlore in the Amur Valley. ''Ad Seres et Tungusos. Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem'', ''65'', 1–17.</ref> In Manchu star rituals, the hedgehog goddess gathers the power of all deities, repeatedly defeating the evil god Yeruri with her dazzling garment of light, making her an indispensable star deity in the star sacrifice.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess also rules over the course of the sun and moon. In the Heavenly War, the hedgehog goddesses blinded Yeruri with arrows of light shot from their spines, forcing him to withdraw.<ref name="backer2000"/> In another myth, the Jeguru goddess, in order to save Abka Hehe and protect heaven and earth, transformed into a white, fragrant, shimmering peony stars (''Šodan Usiha''); when Yeruri and the demons fought over this divine flower, it suddenly turned into ten thousand arrows of light, shooting Yeruri in the eyes until he screamed and fled back to his underground lair. This also explains why Manchu women love to wear flowers — especially white peonies — as it is believed that flowers worn in the hair can ward off demons.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
Among the Manchu people, many legends circulate about the hedgehog goddess benefiting and saving humanity. One such legend tells that after the primal mother Fohe was crushed under the sea by a demon king, the hedgehog dug a ventilation hole for her, allowing her to survive.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
== Mythology ==<br />
<br />
=== Origin and Transformation ===<br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess was originally the sun-near goddess Ningge Mama, an attendant of the Woman of Heaven Abka Hehe, tasked with patrolling the tremors of the earth.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/> In winter, she leads the Sun Goddess to appear in the cold sky and warm the earth. Later, in order to defeat the evil god Yeruri, the Woman of Heaven adorned her with numerous minor spirits, and through her, turned defeat into victory. Thereafter, Ningge Mama, having taken the form of a hedgehog, came to be called ''Enduri Senggu'', continuing to guard the sky for the Woman of Heaven; she has been the Hedgehog Star Goddess for tens of thousands of years.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
=== The Heavenly War ===<br />
<br />
In the Heavenly War myth, the hedgehog goddess is one of the most important helpers of Abka Hehe. According to Manchu creation mythology, Abka Hehe once fell into the traps of the insidious Yeruri and found herself in a fatal situation. It was the hedgehog goddesses who blinded Yeruri with their arrows of light — that is, their spines — forcing him to withdraw. In the final duel between Abka Hehe and Yeruri, the hedgehog goddesses similarly dazzled and weakened him.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
The hedgehog is praised as the most able of all animals. It is said that it is unsurpassed in both offensive and defensive situations: it can roll itself forward or use its feet, can extend or contract itself, and is therefore invincible. The authority of the hedgehog goddesses derives not only from the dazzling garment of light-spines bestowed upon them by Abka Hehe, but also from the fact that the authority and qualities of all goddesses are united in them.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
=== Creation and the Making of Humanity ===<br />
<br />
In the post-flood creation narrative, Abka Hehe, acting on her master's orders, patrolled the earth and found several beings that had survived the flood, including the hedgehog god ''Senggu Enduri'', the willow goddess ''Fodoho Mama'', and the elm goddess ''Hailan Mama'', and took them as her disciples. The willow goddess Fodoho Mama preserved many souls that had survived the flood on her leaves, and fed them with her two breasts.> Later, when Abka Hehe created humans, she "selected from among the animals the intelligent kind that could walk upright, and asked Fodoho Mama to install souls in them, thus forming present-day humanity."<ref name="zhang2011">Zhang, Yahui张亚辉. (2011). A Study of Rituals and Myths in Qing Court Shamanic Sacrifices清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究. ''Qing History Journal清史研究'', (4), 35.</ref> In this process, the hedgehog god, as a disciple and helper of the Woman of Heaven, participated in the work of installing souls for humanity.<ref name="backer2000"/><ref name="zhang2011"/><br />
<br />
== Rituals and Folk Customs ==<br />
<br />
=== Folk Rituals ===<br />
<br />
The hedgehog star goddess became the guardian deity of the Manchu house; therefore, in former times, when the Manchus built a new house, they would first sacrifice to her.<ref name="wang1993"/><ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the star sacrifice, the shaman, when inviting this female star deity, would chant the following spirit song:<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
<blockquote> Hedgehog Stars!<br/> In the midst of heaven,<br/> Star of the settled house,<br/> Drive away demons, drive away demons. </blockquote><br />
When the hedgehog goddess descended, a star-deity lamp with her star chart would be raised, and ice lamps forming her star chart would be lit. The star sacrifice transmitted the shamanic star charts and primitive astronomical knowledge formed by the northern peoples over their long history, passing them down to the present day.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the Manchu fire sacrifice, a deity effigy of the goddess "Senggu", made of hedgehog skin, was hung on the sacred tree. It is said that she was originally the sun-near goddess Ningge Mama, the messenger who patrolled the tremors of the earth; when she returns to heaven, she becomes the Hedgehog Star, still looking down upon the earth and guarding human dwellings.<ref name="fu1995"/><br />
<br />
In the fire sacrifice ritual, during the invocation of the eagle goddess, a myth is chanted in which the hedgehog goddess appears as a protector:<br />
<br />
<blockquote> Long ago, long ago,<br/> Below was water,<br/> Above was water,<br/> Everywhere was like a great sea,<br/> And in this disaster,<br/> No living thing could survive.<br/> ...<br/> The Woman of Heaven sent the Eagle Goddess,<br/> Who carried away the daughter born to this man and woman,<br/> And raised her to become the first female shaman of humanity,<br/> And the primal mother goddess of humanity.<br/> '''When the Eagle Goddess was away,'''<br/> '''It was a group of Hedgehog Goddesses who sheltered her,'''<br/> '''Protecting her from harm by poisonous insects and fierce beasts.'''<ref name="fu1995"/> </blockquote><br />
=== Court Rituals (Qing Imperial Shrine) ===<br />
<br />
The hedgehog goddess also held an exalted position in Qing court rituals. According to the ''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus'' (''Qinding Manzhou Jishen Jitian Dianli'', 钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼), the evening sacrifices of the Kunning Palace (坤宁宫) included "Enduri Senggu" among the deities worshipped.<ref name="fu1995"/><ref name="qinding">''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼'' (Qianlong 12th year). In ''Liaohai Series辽海丛书''.</ref> The evening sacrifice deity list of the Qing Imperial Shrine (''Tangzi'', 清宫堂子) also included "Enduri Senggu," listed alongside deities such as ''Ahūn i Niyansi'', ''Ancun Ayara'', ''Muri Muriha'', ''Nadan Daihūn'', ''Narhūn Hiyancu'', and ''Katun Noyan''.<ref name="fu1988">Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). An Examination of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭祀辨考. ''Social Science Front社会科学战线'', (4), 209.</ref><ref name="bai1995">Bai, Hongxi白洪希. (1995). An Exploration of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭探赜. ''Manchu Studies满族研究'', (3), 61–63.</ref><br />
<br />
Fu Yuguang pointed out that the evening sacrifice deities of the Qing court and the deities of various Manchu clans can often be cross-referenced — the name "Enduri Senggu" listed in the evening sacrifice deities in Volume 92 of the ''Collected Statutes of the Great Qing'' (''Da Qing Huidian'', 大清会典) can all be found in the more than forty handwritten shamanic oracles of various Manchu clans currently in our possession. This confirms that the evening sacrifice deities of the Qing court were not exclusively the ancestral deities of the Aisin Gioro clan, but rather many belonged to more ancient shared deities worshipped by the Jurchen tribes before their differentiation, which were still inherited in the Qing court rituals. Enduri Senggu and Nadan Daihūn were cosmic star deities highly venerated for generations by the ancient Jurchen tribes, maintaining houses and the tranquility of the years.<ref name="fu1988"/><br />
<br />
The "Portrait Deity" (''huaxiang shen'', 画像神) in the Imperial Shrine sacrifices originated from the ancient Manchu custom of painting ancestral portraits; the painting features stars on the left and the moon on the right, representing the "Seven Maidens in Heaven" (seven goddesses).<ref name="bai1995"/><br />
<br />
== Linguistics and Cross-Cultural Comparisons ==<br />
<br />
=== Etymology and Cognates ===<br />
<br />
The Manchu word for "hedgehog" is /səŋgə/ (Romanized: ''sengge''). In the Manchu-Tungusic languages, this word shows a high degree of consistency:<ref name="chaoke">Chao, Ke朝克. ''Etymological Studies of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词源研究'' / ''Comparative Vocabulary of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词汇比较''.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This distribution of cognates demonstrates the antiquity of the concept of "hedgehog" in the Manchu-Tungusic language family.<ref name="chaoke"/><br />
<br />
=== Cross-Cultural Comparisons ===<br />
<br />
Similar ideas about the divine hedgehog are found not only among the Manchus but also widely in many traditions of Central, Western, and even Eastern Asia. According to Bäcker's research, the hedgehog as God's helper and counselor, and its eminent position among deities, appear in Rumanian, Bulgaro-Macedonian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Votyak, Cheremis, Chuvash, Kazan-Tatar, Kirghiz, and Buryat legends. In the Buryat and Kirghiz texts in particular, it is the wise, divine hedgehog that brings light back to the cosmos after it has disappeared through some catastrophe or at the devil's hand.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
Róheim believed that the hedgehog's light symbolism had to do with its spines, though he provided no evidence for this. This thesis is, however, fully corroborated by the Manchu text — the hedgehog goddess's "garment of light" and "arrows of light" are precisely transformations of their spines. The center from which these traditions radiated has been believed to be ancient Iran. In the tradition of the Cenggel-Tuvinians, the divine hedgehog is one of the three creator gods.<ref name="backer2000"/><br />
<br />
Bäcker further notes: "Probably nowhere in the above-mentioned traditions we find such a complete picture of the divine hedgehog's characteristics as in our text."<ref name="backer2000"/> This underscores the unique richness of the Manchu hedgehog goddess mythology within the broader Eurasian tradition of hedgehog veneration.<br />
<br />
== Identification of stars ==<br />
<br />
Enduri Senggu was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Enduri Senggu with the constellation Cygnus.<ref name="fu1988"/><br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
[[File:Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang.jpg|alt=Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang|thumb|Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang]]<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Enduri Senggu with the constellation [[Cygnus]].<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). A Study of Manchu Shamanic Star Rituals and Customs满族萨满教星祭俗考. ''Northern Ethnicities'', (1).</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" caption="Enduri Senggu"><br />
File:Star Map of Enduri Senggu.png|Star chart of Enduri Senggu, drawn by Fu Yuguang<br />
File:Enduri Senggu in Stellarium.png|Enduri Senggu in Stellarium<br />
File:Enduri Senggu, the superposition of traditional star charts and actual stars.png|The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Enduri Senggu" was suggested to be used for τ Cyg in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="wang1993">Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1993). On the Star Goddesses of Shamanism论萨满教的星辰女神. ''Journal of Changchun Normal College长春师范学院学报'', (2), 69–72.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="fu1995">Fu, Yuguang富育光, & Wang, Honggang王宏刚. (1995). ''Shamanic Goddesses萨满教女神''. Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="backer2000">Bäcker, J. (2000). The shaman's sky. Manchu mythology and starlore in the Amur Valley. ''Ad Seres et Tungusos. Festschrift für Martin Gimm zu seinem'', ''65'', 1–17.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="zhang2011">Zhang, Yahui张亚辉. (2011). A Study of Rituals and Myths in Qing Court Shamanic Sacrifices清宫萨满祭祀的仪式与神话研究. ''Qing History Journal清史研究'', (4), 35.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="qinding">''Imperially Authorized Rituals for Sacrifices to Gods and Heaven by the Manchus钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼'' (Qianlong 12th year). In ''Liaohai Series辽海丛书''.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="fu1988">Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). An Examination of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭祀辨考. ''Social Science Front社会科学战线'', (4), 209.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="bai1995">Bai, Hongxi白洪希. (1995). An Exploration of the Qing Imperial Shrine Sacrifices清宫堂子祭探赜. ''Manchu Studies满族研究'', (3), 61–63.</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="chaoke">Chao, Ke朝克. ''Etymological Studies of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词源研究'' / ''Comparative Vocabulary of Manchu-Tungusic Languages满通古斯语族语言词汇比较''.</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Enduri_Senggu&diff=46605Enduri Senggu2026-06-24T03:53:54Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added star map</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Enduri Senggu}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Manchu script of Enduri Senggu.jpg|thumb|Manchu script of ''Enduri Senggu'' and ''Jeguru Enduri'']]<br />
'''Enduri Senggu''' (Hedgehog Goddess, the Divine Hedgehog), a Manchu shamanic constellation located in [[Cygnus]]. In Manchu, ''enduri'' means "god" or "godness", and ''sengge'' (spelled as ''senggu'' in this star name) means "hedgehog". Another more common proper name for this goddess is '''Jeguru Enduri'''.<br />
<br />
''Jeguru Enduri'' does not refer to a single specific hedgehog, but rather to many ''Jeguru Enduri'' existing at the same time, much like hedgehogs living in groups in the real world. Each has the form of a hedgehog, so the name means "hedgehog-shaped goddesses", not "goddess of hedgehogs").<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
[[File:Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang.jpg|alt=Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang|thumb|Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang]]<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Enduri Senggu with the constellation [[Cygnus]].<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). A Study of Manchu Shamanic Star Rituals and Customs满族萨满教星祭俗考. ''Northern Ethnicities'', (1).</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" caption="Enduri Senggu"><br />
File:Star Map of Enduri Senggu.png|Star chart of Enduri Senggu, drawn by Fu Yuguang<br />
File:Enduri Senggu in Stellarium.png|Enduri Senggu in Stellarium<br />
File:Enduri Senggu, the superposition of traditional star charts and actual stars.png|The superposition of traditional star chart and actual stars<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Enduri Senggu" was suggested to be used for τ Cyg in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Star_Map_of_Enduri_Senggu.png&diff=46604File:Star Map of Enduri Senggu.png2026-06-24T03:48:36Z<p>HaochengLyu: HaochengLyu uploaded a new version of File:Star Map of Enduri Senggu.png</p>
<hr />
<div>Star Map of Enduri Senggu</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Enduri_Senggu_in_Stellarium.png&diff=46603File:Enduri Senggu in Stellarium.png2026-06-24T03:45:05Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
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<div>Enduri Senggu in Stellarium</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Enduri_Senggu,_the_superposition_of_traditional_star_charts_and_actual_stars.png&diff=46602File:Enduri Senggu, the superposition of traditional star charts and actual stars.png2026-06-24T03:43:14Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
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<div>Enduri Senggu, the superposition of traditional star charts and actual stars</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Star_Map_of_Enduri_Senggu.png&diff=46601File:Star Map of Enduri Senggu.png2026-06-24T03:42:08Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
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<div>Star Map of Enduri Senggu</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Enduri_Senggu&diff=46551Enduri Senggu2026-06-23T03:42:29Z<p>HaochengLyu: Add entry</p>
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<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Enduri Senggu}}<br />
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Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
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[[File:Manchu script of Enduri Senggu.jpg|thumb|Manchu script of ''Enduri Senggu'' and ''Jeguru Enduri'']]<br />
'''Enduri Senggu''' (Hedgehog Goddess, the Divine Hedgehog), a Manchu shamanic constellation located in [[Cygnus]]. In Manchu, ''enduri'' means "god" or "godness", and ''sengge'' (spelled as ''senggu'' in this star name) means "hedgehog". Another more common proper name for this goddess is '''Jeguru Enduri'''.<br />
<br />
''Jeguru Enduri'' does not refer to a single specific hedgehog, but rather to many ''Jeguru Enduri'' existing at the same time, much like hedgehogs living in groups in the real world. Each has the form of a hedgehog, so the name means "hedgehog-shaped goddesses", not "goddess of hedgehogs").<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
[[File:Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang.jpg|alt=Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang|thumb|Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang]]<br />
''Enduri Senggu'' was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Enduri Senggu with the constellation [[Cygnus]].<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). A Study of Manchu Shamanic Star Rituals and Customs满族萨满教星祭俗考. ''Northern Ethnicities'', (1).</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Enduri Senggu" was suggested to be used for τ Cyg in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Enduri_Senggu_recorded_by_Fu_Yuguang.jpg&diff=46550File:Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang.jpg2026-06-23T03:41:35Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
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<div>Enduri Senggu recorded by Fu Yuguang</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Manchu_script_of_Enduri_Senggu.jpg&diff=46544File:Manchu script of Enduri Senggu.jpg2026-06-23T03:22:50Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
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<div>Manchu script of Enduri Senggu</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Enduri_Senggu&diff=46435Enduri Senggu2026-06-20T14:46:57Z<p>HaochengLyu: Created new page "Enduri Senggu"</p>
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<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Enduri Senggu}}<br />
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{{distinguish| ... the other tent }}<br />
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Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
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[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]<br />
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]<br />
'''Enduri Senggu''' (Hedgehog Goddess), a Manchu shamanic constellation located in [[Cygnus]]. In Manchu, ''enduri'' means "god" or "godness", and ''sengge'' (spelled as ''senggu'' in this star name) means "hedgedog". Another more common proper name for this goddess is '''Jeguru Enduri'''.<br />
<br />
''Jeguru Enduri'' does not refer to a single specific hedgehog, but rather to many ''Jeguru Enduri'' existing at the same time, much like hedgehogs living in groups in the real world. Each has the form of a hedgehog, so the name means “hedgehog-shaped goddesses”, not “goddess of hedgehogs”).<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
[[File:Asu Usiha recorded by Fu Yuguang.png|alt=Asu Usiha recorded by Fu Yuguang|thumb|Asu Usiha recorded by Fu Yuguang]]<br />
''Asu Usiha'' was recorded by Fu Yuguang during his fieldwork. The shamanic tradition has its own star charts, but since photography was not permitted, Fu Yuguang had to hand‑copy the star charts of all 20 constellations. Based on his field findings, he identified Asu Usiha with the constellation [[Hercules]].<ref>Fu, Yuguang富育光. (1988). A Study of Manchu Shamanic Star Rituals and Customs满族萨满教星祭俗考. ''Northern Ethnicities'', (1).</ref><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Tianjin&diff=46371Tianjin2026-06-20T09:24:24Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added reasons for naming</p>
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<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Tianjin (天津)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Tianjin in Stellarium.png|alt=Tianjin in Stellarium|thumb|Tianjin in Stellarium, across the Milky Way]]<br />
''Tiān Jīn'' (天津, Celestial Ford or Celestial Ferry), a Chinese constellation consists of 9 stars, located in [[Cygnus]]. This constellation is regarded as the "ferry or bridge of the Milky Way in the sky" because it spans across the Milky Way. <br />
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== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
The imagery of a celestial ferry had already taken root in the Chinese imagination more than two millennia ago. The great poet Qu Yuan (c. 340–278 BCE) of the Warring States period—often called China's first romantic poet—wrote in his masterpiece Li Sao ("On Encountering Sorrow"):<blockquote>At dawn I set forth from the Celestial Ferry (Tianjin);<br />
<br />
By dusk I had reached the westernmost horizon.</blockquote>This magnificent line describes the poet's spiritual journey through the heavens, unbounded by earthly limits. Though Qu Yuan was not necessarily referring to the specific constellation later codified as Tianjin, his verse reveals that the image of a "Ferry of the Milky Way" had already entered the Chinese literary imagination in very ancient times.<br />
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The earliest recorded description of what would later become the Tianjin constellation appears in Sima Qian's (c. 145–86 BCE) ''Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji)''. In the "Treatise on Celestial Offices," Sima Qian wrote:<blockquote>Beside ''[[Wangliang]]'', there are eight stars cutting across the Milky Way, called ''Tianhuang'' ("Celestial Pier"). Beside ''Tianhuang'' is the River Star (''Jiangxing''). When the River Star stirs, men wade across the waters.</blockquote>According to scholars of later eras, Tianhuang (another name for Tianjin) and the River Star together comprised the nine stars of the future Tianjin constellation. The River Star is [[Deneb]], the brightest of the nine, while the other eight constitute the "pier." The omen that "men wade across the waters" would later inspire another constellation, ''Ren'' (Humans), consisting of five stars placed adjacent to Tianjin. (There is also another Chinese constellation named Tianhuang, consisting of five stars in the constellation [[Auriga]], which should not be confused with the Tianhuang associated with Tianjin.)<ref>Zhu Wenxin朱文鑫. ''A Study of the Star Charts in Sima Qian's "Treatise on Celestial Offices"'' 史记天官书恒星图考. p. 52. Shanghai: The Commercial Press. First edition 1927, second edition 1934.</ref><br />
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After Chen Zhuo (active 3rd century CE) unified the Chinese constellation system, the name of Tianjin was fixed. The ''Book of Jin (Jinshu'', 晋书'')'' states in its "Treatise on Astronomy":<blockquote>Tianjin consists of nine stars lying across the Milky Way. It is also called ''Tianhan'' (a name of the Milky Way) or ''Tianjiang'' (Celestial River). It presides over the ferries and bridges of the Four Great Rivers (the Yangtze, Yellow, Huai, and Ji, refers to all rivers in general), thereby enabling the gods to traverse the four directions. If one star is missing, the fords and passes are blocked.</blockquote><br />
<br />
==== Tianjin and the Legend of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl ====<br />
[[File:Weaving Girl, Cowherd and Celestial Ford.png|thumb|Weaving Girl (Zhinü), Cowherd(Niulang) and the Celestial Ford (Tianjin)]]<br />
For those less concerned with the formal constellation, Tianjin lives on in a more beloved story—the legend of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.<br />
<br />
The Weaver Girl (Zhinü) was a celestial maiden who wove the clouds and rosy dawns. The Cowherd (Niulang) was a handsome mortal who fell in love with her. They married and had two children, but the Queen Mother of the West was furious. She scratched a great river across the sky—the Milky Way—to separate them forever. The lovers could only weep across the celestial river once a year, on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month, when a flock of magpies would form a bridge with their wings, allowing them to meet for one fleeting embrace.<br />
<br />
In many folk traditions, the bridge of magpies is none other than the Tianjin constellation itself. The nine stars of Tianjin stretch across the Milky Way exactly where the magpies are said to alight. Every summer, stargazers can see the "Summer Triangle"—[[Deneb]] (one star of Tianjin), [[Vega]] (the Weaver Girl), and [[Altair]] (the Cowherd)—forming a vast triangle in the eastern sky, the stars of the lovers and their bridge.<br />
<br />
==== Tianjin in Geography ====<br />
The Tianjin constellation was so well known that its name was later applied to several places on Earth. In traditional Chinese thought, there was a long‑held principle of xiang tian fa di (“modeling the earthly upon the heavenly”), whereby human constructions were deliberately designed to mirror celestial patterns.<br />
<br />
'''Tianjin Bridge (Luoyang)'''<br />
<br />
The clearest example is the Tianjin Bridge built across the Luo River in Luoyang during the Sui dynasty (605 CE). Following xiang tian fa di, the Luo River was conceived as the earthly counterpart of the Milky Way (Tianhan), and the bridge that spanned it was accordingly named after the "Celestial Ford" constellation. The bridge was part of a larger celestial allegory in the Sui‑Tang eastern capital, where seven key structures (including Heavenly Tower and Heavenly Street) mirrored the Sun, Moon, and five visible planets. Its stone pier foundations have been excavated in modern times.<br />
<br />
'''Tianjin Municipality'''<br />
<br />
The modern city of Tianjin also owes its name to this constellation. According to the History of Jin (''Jinshi'', 金史), a Tianjin River (天津河) already existed by 1206 CE. It was named after the constellation, taking its meaning from the phrase "a bridge across the Milky Way, a thoroughfare serving all waterways" ('''''Tian'''han '''Jin'''liang,'' '''''Tong'''cao Zhong'''ji''''', '''天'''汉'''津'''梁、'''通'''漕众'''济'''), which explicitly draws on the celestial concept. The Tianjin River was designated as a section of the Grand Canal, serving as a key channel for grain transportation. Around the same time, another waterway, the ''Tongji'' River (通济渠), was also named based on the same phrase. The two rivers were placed under the unified management of a single patrol officer, known as the Tianjin River Patrol Officer.<br />
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A later, widely known tradition dates to the Ming dynasty. In 1400, Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan, boarded ships at the Tianjin River near what is now the Jinhua Bridge on the South Canal during the Jingnan Campaign against his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor. From this point, he switched from overland to waterborne advance and sailed south along the Grand Canal. After seizing the throne and ascending as the Yongle Emperor, he reportedly renamed the settlement Tianjin, meaning the "Ford of the Son of Heaven (Emperor)" ('''''Tian'''zi '''Jin'''du'', '''天'''子'''津'''渡), in commemoration of his departure point. In 1404, he formally established the Tianjin Guard, which is traditionally regarded as the founding date of the city.<br />
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'''Beyond Earth'''<br />
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In 2019, the International Astronomical Union named a lunar crater at the Chang'e‑4 landing site "Tianjin". Together with neighboring craters Zhinü (Weaver Girl) and Hegu (Cowherd), it recreates the Summer Triangle on the lunar surface – with Tianjin again representing the celestial bridge.<br />
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=== Identification of stars ===<br />
Tianjin Star is quite prominent in the sky, corresponding to the 9 stars in the constellation [[Cygnus]], without controversy.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
| γ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd (Determinative)<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
| δ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| 30 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
| ο1 Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
| α Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|5th<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|ν Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|6th<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|τ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|7th<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|υ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|8th<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|ζ Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|9th<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|ε Cyg<br />
|}<br />
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=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" caption="Tianjin"><br />
File:Tianjin on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|Tianjin on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido''<br />
File:Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map.png|Tianjin on Suzhou Star Map<br />
File:Tianjin on 18th century star map.png|Tianjin on ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' star map (18th century)<br />
</gallery><br />
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<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name "Tianjinnan" was suggested to be used for ζ Cyg in this constellation. "Tianjinnan" means "Southern star of Tianjin", because ζ Cyg is the southernmost star in the Tianjin asterism. The name "Tianjin" carries important cultural connotations, which makes it a meaningful choice.<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]] [[Category:Cyg]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Jiantai&diff=43380Jiantai2026-05-24T15:52:20Z<p>HaochengLyu: Add reasons for naming</p>
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<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Jiantai (渐台)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), '''''Jiantai''''' (lower) and ''Niandao'' (upper left)]]<br />
Jiàn Tái (Clepsydra Terrace, 渐台), Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, belongs to the Ox (Niu) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to the modern constellation [[Lyra]]. Jiantai is a terrace built near water, used for observing sundials, timing with water clocks, and establishing pitch pipes and temperaments. It is a symbol of astronomical timekeeping and musical pitch calibration.<br />
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== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
A platform with four square sides is called 'tai' (台); if it has water below, it is called 'jian' (渐). Jiantai governs the gnomon, the water clock, and the affairs of pitch pipes and temperaments. ''Ganshi Zan'' (甘氏赞) says:<blockquote>Jiantai guards the water clock and the gnomon.</blockquote>''Gande'' (甘德) said:<blockquote>Jiantai is in charge of guarding the water clock, and calamities, as well as the Nine Regions (Jiuzhou) and their corresponding field allocations.</blockquote>Jiantai is also "the courtyard where thousands of essences gather". Anomalies in different seasons correspond respectively to warfare (spring), funerals (summer), famine and floods (autumn), and banditry and punishments (winter). It is a constellation that ancient people observed to foretell national fortunes by watching the celestial seasons.<br />
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=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr (Determinative)<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr (Determinative)<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), '''''Jiantai''''' (lower) and ''Niandao'' (upper left) bofore later Ming dynasty]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Jiantai" was suggested to be used for δ2 Lyr in this constellation. This star was numbered as the first star in Jiantai constellation in the 18th century star catalog.<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Lyr]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Jiantai&diff=43034Jiantai2026-05-21T02:38:05Z<p>HaochengLyu: Supplement the entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Jiantai (渐台)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), '''''Jiantai''''' (lower) and ''Niandao'' (upper left)]]<br />
Jiàn Tái (Clepsydra Terrace, 渐台), Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, belongs to the Ox (Niu) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to the modern constellation [[Lyra]]. Jiantai is a terrace built near water, used for observing sundials, timing with water clocks, and establishing pitch pipes and temperaments. It is a symbol of astronomical timekeeping and musical pitch calibration.<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
A platform with four square sides is called 'tai' (台); if it has water below, it is called 'jian' (渐). Jiantai governs the gnomon, the water clock, and the affairs of pitch pipes and temperaments. ''Ganshi Zan'' (甘氏赞) says:<blockquote>Jiantai guards the water clock and the gnomon.</blockquote>''Gande'' (甘德) said:<blockquote>Jiantai is in charge of guarding the water clock, and calamities, as well as the Nine Regions (Jiuzhou) and their corresponding field allocations.</blockquote>Jiantai is also "the courtyard where thousands of essences gather". Anomalies in different seasons correspond respectively to warfare (spring), funerals (summer), famine and floods (autumn), and banditry and punishments (winter). It is a constellation that ancient people observed to foretell national fortunes by watching the celestial seasons.<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr (Determinative)<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr (Determinative)<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), '''''Jiantai''''' (lower) and ''Niandao'' (upper left) bofore later Ming dynasty]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Lyr]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Niandao&diff=43033Niandao2026-05-21T02:22:41Z<p>HaochengLyu: Small fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Niandao (辇道)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
Niǎn Dào (Imperial Passageway, 辇道), a Chinese constellation consists of 5 stars, belongs to the Ox (Niu, 牛) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to parts of the modern constellations [[Lyra]] and [[Cygnus]]. Niandao is the road for the imperial chariot, symbolizing the emperor's path for going on excursions and private journeys. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
Niandao is the way along which the emperor "roams freely and travels privately", governing leisurely and harmonious journeys.<br />
<br />
''Dongjin Ji'' (东晋纪) says:<blockquote>Niandao governs the concubines' chambers and the spring‑autumn palaces.</blockquote>''Chunqiu Wei'' (春秋纬) calls it the "Concubines' Palace" or the "Palace of Excursions", symbolizing a place where the ruler and ministers flourish in virtue.<br />
<br />
The Book of Jin: Astronomical Treatise states: <blockquote>It is the path for the king to take his pleasure and roam; the Han dynasty's Niandao connecting the Northern and Southern Palaces is its earthly image.</blockquote>In Luoyang of the Eastern Han dynasty, a covered passageway (an aerial double corridor) was built to link the Northern and Southern Palaces, imitating the celestial Niandao constellation. Thus the Niandao star official not only represents the physical imperial road but also touches upon the emperor's consorts and recreational life. Its changes can be used to divine whether the emperor's private travels are excessive and whether the state is peaceful.<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><ref group="comment">The star chart in the original material is not standard and only displays four stars. The modern star names given here are for reference only.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
|-<br />
| 1st (determinative)<br />
| V545 Lyr ?<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| η Lyr <ref group="comment">In the original 18th century star catalog, the star (Niandao II) was actually 19 Lyr, not η Lyr. Due to a transcription error in the Flamsteed's catalog, the declination value was copied incorrectly by 10 degrees. The star catalog in ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' used incorrect coordinates, with 19 Lyr mistakenly corresponding to Niandao II. Later scholars often used incorrect coordinates to identify the star as η Lyr, but based on the original data, η Lyr should actually be Niandao Added II.</ref><br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| χ Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|5th<br />
|?<br />
|17 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references group="comment" /><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]<br />
[[Category:Lyr]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Jiantai&diff=43032Jiantai2026-05-21T02:22:18Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added star charts</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Jiantai (渐台)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
Jiàn Tái (Clepsydra Terrace, 渐台), Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, belongs to the Ox (Niu) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to the modern constellation Lyra. Jiantai is a terrace built near water, used for observing sundials, timing with water clocks, and establishing pitch pipes and temperaments. It is a symbol of astronomical timekeeping and musical pitch calibration.<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
A platform with four square sides is called ‘tai’; if it has water below, it is called ‘jian’.<br />
<br />
Jiantai governs the gnomon, the water clock, and the affairs of pitch pipes and temperaments. Ganshi Zan (甘氏赞) says:<br />
<br />
Jiantai guards the water clock and the gnomon – the extinguishing of the dripping.<br />
<br />
Gande (甘德) said: “Jiantai is in charge of the water clock, the railings, the calendar, calamities, and the nine provinces and their fields.”<br />
<br />
Jiantai is also “the courtyard where the ten thousand essences gather.” Anomalies in different seasons correspond respectively to warfare (spring), funerals (summer), famine and floods (autumn), and banditry and punishments (winter). It is a constellation that ancient people observed to foretell national fortunes by watching the celestial seasons.<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr (Determinative)<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr (Determinative)<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Lyr]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Niandao&diff=43031Niandao2026-05-21T02:15:13Z<p>HaochengLyu: Supplement the entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Niandao (辇道)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
Niǎn Dào (Imperial Passageway, 辇道), a Chinese constellation consists of 5 stars, located west of Zhinü ([[Vega]], the Weaving Girl), belongs to the Ox (Niu, 牛) Lunar Mansion, the Gan school, and corresponds to parts of the modern constellations [[Lyra]] and [[Cygnus]]. Niandao is the road for the imperial chariot, symbolizing the emperor's path for going on excursions and private journeys. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
Niandao is the way along which the emperor "roams freely and travels privately", governing leisurely and harmonious journeys.<br />
<br />
''Dongjin Ji'' (东晋纪) says:<blockquote>Niandao governs the concubines' chambers and the spring‑autumn palaces.</blockquote>''Chunqiu Wei'' (春秋纬) calls it the "Concubines' Palace" or the "Palace of Excursions", symbolizing a place where the ruler and ministers flourish in virtue.<br />
<br />
The Book of Jin: Astronomical Treatise states: <blockquote>It is the path for the king to take his pleasure and roam; the Han dynasty's Niandao connecting the Northern and Southern Palaces is its earthly image.</blockquote>In Luoyang of the Eastern Han dynasty, a covered passageway (an aerial double corridor) was built to link the Northern and Southern Palaces, imitating the celestial Niandao constellation. Thus the Niandao star official not only represents the physical imperial road but also touches upon the emperor's consorts and recreational life. Its changes can be used to divine whether the emperor's private travels are excessive and whether the state is peaceful.<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><ref group="comment">The star chart in the original material is not standard and only displays four stars. The modern star names given here are for reference only.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
|-<br />
| 1st (determinative)<br />
| V545 Lyr ?<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| η Lyr <ref group="comment">In the original 18th century star catalog, the star (Niandao II) was actually 19 Lyr, not η Lyr. Due to a transcription error in the Flamsteed's catalog, the declination value was copied incorrectly by 10 degrees. The star catalog in ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' used incorrect coordinates, with 19 Lyr mistakenly corresponding to Niandao II. Later scholars often used incorrect coordinates to identify the star as η Lyr, but based on the original data, η Lyr should actually be Niandao Added II.</ref><br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| χ Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|5th<br />
|?<br />
|17 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references group="comment" /><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Yixiang kaocheng'' Stat Map (18th century)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]<br />
[[Category:Lyr]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zhin%C3%BC,_Jiantai_and_Niandao_in_18th_Century_in_Stellarium.png&diff=43030File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium.png2026-05-21T02:08:16Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century in Stellarium</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zhin%C3%BC,_Jiantai_and_Niandao_in_18th_Century_Reconstructed_by_YI_Shitong_(1981).png&diff=43029File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png2026-05-21T02:06:41Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zhin%C3%BC,_Jiantai_and_Niandao_in_Yixiang_kaocheng_Stat_Map_(18th_century).png&diff=43028File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png2026-05-21T02:04:42Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Niandao&diff=43027Niandao2026-05-21T01:50:42Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added star charts</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Niandao (辇道)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
Niǎn Dào (Imperial Passageway, 辇道), Chinese constellation consists of 5 stars. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><ref group="comment">The star chart in the original material is not standard and only displays four stars. The modern star names given here are for reference only.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
|-<br />
| 1st (determinative)<br />
| V545 Lyr ?<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| η Lyr <ref group="comment">In the original 18th century star catalog, the star (Niandao II) was actually 19 Lyr, not η Lyr. Due to a transcription error in the Flamsteed's catalog, the declination value was copied incorrectly by 10 degrees. The star catalog in ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' used incorrect coordinates, with 19 Lyr mistakenly corresponding to Niandao II. Later scholars often used incorrect coordinates to identify the star as η Lyr, but based on the original data, η Lyr should actually be Niandao Added II.</ref><br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| χ Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|5th<br />
|?<br />
|17 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references group="comment" /><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]<br />
[[Category:Lyr]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zhin%C3%BC,_Jiantai_and_Niandao_in_Song_Dynasty_reconstructed_by_Pan_Nai_(2009).png&diff=43026File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png2026-05-21T00:39:24Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zhin%C3%BC,_Jiantai_and_Niandao_before_Tang_dynasty_reconstructed_by_Boshun_Yang_(2023).png&diff=43025File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png2026-05-21T00:37:32Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zhin%C3%BC,_Jiantai_and_Niandao_in_Suzhou_Star_Map.png&diff=43024File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map.png2026-05-21T00:36:04Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Suzhou Star Map</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zhin%C3%BC,_Jiantai_and_Niandao_in_Xin_yixiang_fayao_Star_Map.png&diff=43023File:Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png2026-05-21T00:32:54Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zhinü, Jiantai and Niandao in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zhin%C3%BC_in_Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido_Star_Chart.png&diff=43022File:Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.png2026-05-20T14:46:32Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zhinü in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Chinese_(All_Terms)&diff=42998Chinese (All Terms)2026-05-20T12:49:21Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added links</p>
<hr />
<div>Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"><br />
<youtube align=right>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_Ml8wE3jSc</youtube><br />
</div><br />
=== Solar System Names ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Traditional Terms<br />
!Pinyin<br />
!Simplified<br />
!Wade-Giles<br />
!English<br />
!commentary<br />
|-<br />
|日 <br />
|rì<br />
|Ri<br />
|<br />
|Sun<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|月<br />
|yuè<br />
|[[Yue]]<br />
|<br />
|Moon<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|水星<br />
|shuǐ xīng<br />
|Shui Xing<br />
|<br />
|Mercury<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|金星<br />
|jīn xīng<br />
|Jin Ying<br />
|<br />
|Venus<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|火星<br />
|huǒ xīng<br />
|Huo Xing<br />
|<br />
|Mars<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|木星<br />
|mù xīng<br />
|Mu Xing<br />
|<br />
|Jupiter<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|土星<br />
|tǔ xīng<br />
|Tu Xing<br />
|<br />
|Saturn<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Here is an overview on all Chinese constellation names ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! colspan="2" |Constellation Names<br />
! colspan="3" |Romanisation<br />
!English<br />
!commentary<br />
|-<br />
!Classical<br />
!Simplified<br />
!Pinyin<br />
!Simplified<br />
!Wade-Giles<br />
!<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|八穀 <br />
|Bā Gǔ<br />
|[[Bagu]]<br />
|<br />
|Eight Kinds of Crops<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|敗瓜 <br />
|Bài Guā<br />
|Baigua<br />
|<br />
|Rotten Gourd<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|敗臼 <br />
|Bài Jiù<br />
|Baijiu<br />
|<br />
|Decayed Mortar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|八魁 <br />
|Bā Kuí<br />
|Bakui<br />
|<br />
|Net [for Catching Animals]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|北斗 <br />
|Běi Dǒu<br />
|Beidou<br />
|<br />
|Northern Dipper<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|北河 <br />
|Běi Hé<br />
|Beihei<br />
|<br />
|North River<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|北極 <br />
|Běi Jí<br />
|Beiji<br />
|<br />
|North Pole<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|北落師門 <br />
|Běi Luò Shī Mén<br />
|Beiluo Shimen<br />
|<br />
|North Gate of the Military Camp<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|壁宿 <br />
|Bì Xiù<br />
|Bi<br />
|<br />
|Wall Mansion<br />
|Dong Bi (Eastern Wall Mansion)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|畢宿 <br />
|Bì Xiù<br />
|[[Bixiu|Bi]]<br />
|<br />
|Net Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鱉 <br />
|Biē<br />
|Bie<br />
|<br />
|River Turtle<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|帛度 <br />
|Bó Dù<br />
|[[Bodu]]<br />
|<br />
|Textile Ruler<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|策 <br />
|Cè<br />
|[[Ce]]<br />
|<br />
|Whip<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Cexing]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|modern star name<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|常陳 <br />
|Cháng Chén<br />
|Changchen<br />
|<br />
|Imperial Guards<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|長沙 <br />
|Chángshá<br />
|Changsha<br />
|<br />
|Changsha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|长垣 <br />
|Cháng Yuán<br />
|Changyuan<br />
|<br />
|Long Wall<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|車府 <br />
|Chē Fǔ<br />
|Chefu<br />
|<br />
|Yard for Chariots<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|車騎 <br />
|Chē Qí<br />
|Cheqi<br />
|<br />
|Chariots and Cavalry<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|車肆 <br />
|Chē Sì<br />
|Chesi<br />
|<br />
|Commodity Market<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|杵 <br />
|Chǔ<br />
|Chu<br />
|<br />
|Pestle<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|楚 <br />
|Chǔ<br />
|Chu<br />
|<br />
|Chu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|傳舍 <br />
|Chuán Shè<br />
|Chuanshe<br />
|<br />
|Guest House<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|芻蒿 <br />
|Chú Hāo<br />
|Chuhao<br />
|<br />
|Hay<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|從官 <br />
|Cóng Guān<br />
|Congguan<br />
|<br />
|Retinue<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天皇大帝 <br />
|Tiān Huáng Dà Dì<br />
|Dadi<br />
|<br />
|Great Emperor of Heaven<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|代 <br />
|Dài<br />
|Dai<br />
|<br />
|Dai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|大角 <br />
|Dà Jiǎo<br />
|Dajiao<br />
|<br />
|Great Horn<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|大理 <br />
|Dà Lǐ<br />
|Dali<br />
|<br />
|Chief Judge<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|大陵 <br />
|Dà Líng<br />
|Daling<br />
|<br />
|Mausoleum<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|丹凤<br />
|<br />
|[[Danfeng]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|modern star name that refers to a sacred (phoenix-like) bird in Chinese mythology<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|氐宿 <br />
|Dī Xiù<br />
|Di <br />
|<br />
|Root Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|帝 <br />
|Dì<br />
|Di <br />
|<br />
|Emperor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|帝座 <br />
|Dì Zuò<br />
|Dizuo<br />
|<br />
|Emperor's Seat<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|東甌 <br />
|Dōng Ōu<br />
|Dongou<br />
|<br />
|Dong'ou<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|東次相 <br />
|Dōng Cì Xiàng<br />
|Dong Cixiang<br />
|<br />
|Second Eastern Minister<br />
|normally a name for del Vir (Minelauva)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|東次將 <br />
|Dōng Cì Jiàng<br />
|Dong Cijiang<br />
|<br />
|Second Eastern General<br />
|normally a name for eps Vir (Vindemiatrix)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|東上將 <br />
|Dōng Shàng Jiàng<br />
|Dong Shangjiang<br />
|<br />
|First Eastern General<br />
|normally a name for alf Com (Diadem)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|東上相 <br />
|Dōng Shàng Xiàng<br />
|Dong Shangxiang<br />
|<br />
|First Eastern Minister<br />
|normally a name for gam Vir (Porrima)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|東咸 <br />
|Dōng Xián<br />
|Dongxian<br />
|<br />
|Eastern Door<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|斗宿 <br />
|Dǒu Xiù<br />
|Dou<br />
|<br />
|Dipper Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|斗 <br />
|Dǒu<br />
|Dou<br />
|<br />
|Measure for Grain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|頓頑 <br />
|Dùn Wán<br />
|Dunwan<br />
|<br />
|Jailer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|伐 <br />
|Fá<br />
|Fa<br />
|<br />
|Dagger of Shen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|罰 <br />
|Fá<br />
|Fa<br />
|<br />
|Fine<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|房宿 <br />
|Fáng Xiù<br />
|[[Fang]]<br />
|<br />
|Room Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|墳墓 <br />
|Fén Mù<br />
|Fenmu<br />
|<br />
|Tomb<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|輔 <br />
|Fǔ<br />
|Fu<br />
|<br />
|Assistant<br />
|normally a name for 80 UMa that is named Alcor<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|附耳 <br />
|Fù Ěr<br />
|Fu'er<br />
|<br />
|Attached Ear<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|扶筐 <br />
|Fú Kuāng<br />
|Fukuang<br />
|<br />
|Basket for Mulberry Leaves<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|附路 <br />
|Fù Lù<br />
|[[Fulu]]<br />
|<br />
|Auxiliary Road<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Furen<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|see [[Wei]] <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|傅說 <br />
|Fù Yuè<br />
|[[Fuyue]]<br />
|<br />
|Fu Yue<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鈇锧 <br />
|Fū Zhì<br />
|Fuzhi<br />
|<br />
|Executioner’s Axe and Block<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|蓋屋 <br />
|Gài Wū<br />
|Gaiwu<br />
|<br />
|Roofing<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|槓 <br />
|Gàng<br />
|[[Gang]]<br />
|<br />
|Canopy Shaft<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|閣道 <br />
|Gé Dào<br />
|Gedao<br />
|<br />
|Flying Corridor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|梗河 <br />
|Gěng Hé<br />
|Genghe<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Shield or Lance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鈎<br />
|Gōu<br />
|Gou<br />
|<br />
|Hook<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|狗 <br />
|Gǒu<br />
|Gou<br />
|<br />
|Dog<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|勾陳<br />
|Gōu Chén<br />
|Gouchen<br />
|<br />
|Curved Array<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|狗國 <br />
|Gǒu Guó<br />
|Gougou<br />
|<br />
|Territory of Dogs<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鈎鈐 <br />
|Gōu Yín<br />
|Gouyin<br />
|<br />
|Lock<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|爟 <br />
|Guàn<br />
|Guan<br />
|<br />
|Beacon Fire<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|貫索 <br />
|Guàn Suǒ<br />
|[[Guansuo]]<br />
|<br />
|Coiled Throng<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|龜 <br />
|Guī<br />
|Gui<br />
|<br />
|Tortoise<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鬼宿 <br />
|Guǐ Xiù<br />
|Gui<br />
|<br />
|Ghosts Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鼓旗 <br />
|Gŭ Qí<br />
|[[Guqi]]<br />
|<br />
|Drum Flag<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|韓 <br />
|Hán<br />
|Han<br />
|<br />
|Han<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|河鼓 <br />
|Hé Gǔ<br />
|Hegu<br />
|<br />
|Drum at the River<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|衡 <br />
|[[Heng|Héng]]<br />
|[[Heng]]<br />
|<br />
|Purlin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|候 <br />
|Hòu<br />
|Hou<br />
|<br />
|Astrologer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|後宮 <br />
|Hòu Gōng<br />
|Hougong<br />
|<br />
|Imperial Harem<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|斛 <br />
|Hú<br />
|Hu<br />
|<br />
|Square Box for Measuring<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|華蓋 <br />
|Huá Gài<br />
|[[Huagai]]<br />
|<br />
|Canopy of the Emperor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|宦者 <br />
|Huàn Zhě<br />
|[[Huanzhe]]<br />
|<br />
|Eunuch Official<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|虎賁 <br />
|Hǔ Bēn<br />
|Huben<br />
|<br />
|Emperor's Bodyguard<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|瓠瓜 <br />
|Hù Guā<br />
|Hugua<br />
|<br />
|Gourd<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|弧矢 <br />
|Hú Shǐ<br />
|Hushi<br />
|<br />
|Bow and Arrow<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|箕宿 <br />
|Jī Xiù<br />
|Ji<br />
|<br />
|Winnowing Basket Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|建 <br />
|Jiàn<br />
|Jian<br />
|<br />
|City with A Banner<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鍵閉 <br />
|Jiàn Bì<br />
|Jianbi<br />
|<br />
|Door Bolt<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|漸臺 <br />
|Jiàn Tái<br />
|[[Jiantai]]<br />
|<br />
|Clepsydra Terrace<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|角宿 <br />
|Jiǎo Xiù<br />
|Jiao<br />
|<br />
|Horn Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|晉 <br />
|Jìn<br />
|Jin <br />
|<br />
|Jin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|井宿 <br />
|Jǐng Xiù<br />
|Jing<br />
|<br />
|Well Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|進賢 <br />
|Jìn Xián<br />
|JinXian<br />
|<br />
|Recommending Virtuous Man<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|積屍 <br />
|Jī Shī<br />
|Jishi<br />
|<br />
|Heaps of Corpses<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|積屍氣 <br />
|Jī Shī Qì<br />
|Jishiqi<br />
|<br />
|Fog of Cumulative Corpses<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|積水 <br />
|Jī Shuǐ or <br />
Jī Shǔi<br />
|[[Jishui]]<br />
|<br />
|<nowiki>Accumulated Water in the Ship | </nowiki><br />
Stored Water to Make Wine<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|臼 <br />
|Jiù<br />
|Jiu<br />
|<br />
|Mortar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|九坎 <br />
|Jiǔ Kǎn<br />
|Jiukan<br />
|<br />
|Nine Water Wells<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|酒旗 <br />
|Jiǔ Qí<br />
|Jiuqi<br />
|<br />
|Banner of Wine Shop<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|九卿內座 <br />
|Jiǔ Qīng Nèi Zuò<br />
|Jiuqing Neizuo<br />
|<br />
|Inner Seats for Nine Ministers<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|九斿 <br />
|Jiǔ Yóu<br />
|Jiuyou<br />
|<br />
|Nine Flags<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|九州殊口 <br />
|Jiǔ Zhōu Shū Kǒu<br />
|Jiuzhou Shukou<br />
|<br />
|Interpreters of Dialects<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|積薪 <br />
|Jī Xīn<br />
|Jixin<br />
|<br />
|Pile of Firewood<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|積卒 <br />
|Jī Zú<br />
|Jizu<br />
|<br />
|Group of Soldiers<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|卷舌 <br />
|Juǎn Shé<br />
|Juanshe<br />
|<br />
|Rolled Tongue<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|軍井 <br />
|Jūn Jǐng<br />
|Junjing<br />
|<br />
|Military Well<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|軍門 <br />
|Jūn Mén<br />
|Junmen<br />
|<br />
|Military Gate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|軍南門 <br />
|Jūn Nán Mén<br />
|[[Junnanmen]]<br />
|<br />
|Southern Military Gate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|軍市 <br />
|Jūn Shì<br />
|Junshi<br />
|<br />
|Market for the Soldiers<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|糠 <br />
|Kāng<br />
|Kang<br />
|<br />
|Chaff<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|亢宿 <br />
|[[Kang|Kàng Xiù]]<br />
|[[Kang]]<br />
|<br />
|Neck Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|亢池 <br />
|Kàng Chí<br />
|Kangchi<br />
|<br />
|Boats and Lake<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|開陽 <br />
|Kāi Yáng<br />
|Kaiyang<br />
|<br />
|Opener of Heat<br />
|normally a name for zeta UMa that is named Mizar. 83 UMa is the brighter one of two in the vicinity (it is a pulsating M-variable)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|哭 <br />
|Kū<br />
|Ku<br />
|<br />
|Crying<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Kui|奎宿]]<br />
|[[Kui|Kuí Xiù]]<br />
|[[Kui]]<br />
|<br />
|Crotch Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Kulou|庫樓]]<br />
|[[Kulou|Kù Lóu]]<br />
|[[Kulou]]<br />
|<br />
|Arsenal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|狼 <br />
|Láng<br />
|Lang<br />
|<br />
|Wolf<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|郎將 <br />
|Láng Jiàng<br />
|Langjiang<br />
|<br />
|Captain of the Bodyguards<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Langwei|郎位]]<br />
|[[Langwei|Láng Wèi]]<br />
|[[Langwei]]<br />
|<br />
|Official of the Imperial Guard<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|老人 <br />
|Lǎo Rén<br />
|Laoren<br />
|<br />
|Old Man<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|壘壁陣 <br />
|Lěi Bì Zhèn<br />
|Leibizhen<br />
|<br />
|Line of Ramparts<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|雷電 <br />
|Léi Diàn<br />
|Leidian<br />
|<br />
|Thunder and Lightning<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|列肆 <br />
|Liè Sì<br />
|Liesi<br />
|<br />
|Jewel Market<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|離宮 <br />
|Lí Gōng<br />
|Ligong<br />
|<br />
|Resting Palace<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|靈台 <br />
|Líng Tái<br />
|Lingtai<br />
|<br />
|Astronomical Observatory<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|礪石 <br />
|Lì Shí<br />
|Lishi<br />
|<br />
|Grind Stone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|柳宿 <br />
|Liǔ Xiù<br />
|Liu<br />
|<br />
|Willow Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|六甲<br />
|Liù Jiǎ<br />
|Liujia<br />
|<br />
|Six Jia<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|璃瑜 <br />
|Lí Yú<br />
|Liyu<br />
|<br />
|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|離珠 <br />
|Lí Zhū<br />
|Lizhu<br />
|<br />
|Pearls on Ladies' Wear<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|婁宿 <br />
|Lóu Xiù<br />
|Lou<br />
|<br />
|Basket Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|羅堰 <br />
|Luó Yàn<br />
|Luoyan<br />
|<br />
|Networks of Dikes<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|昴宿 <br />
|Mǎo Xiù<br />
|Mao<br />
|<br />
|Hairy Head Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|明堂 <br />
|Míng Táng<br />
|Mingtang<br />
|<br />
|Cosmological Temple<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|南河 <br />
|Nán Hé<br />
|Nanhe<br />
|<br />
|South River<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|南門 <br />
|Nán Mén<br />
|Nanmen<br />
|<br />
|Southern Gate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|內廚 <br />
|Nèi Chú<br />
|Neichu<br />
|<br />
|Inner Kitchen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|內階 <br />
|Nèi Jiē<br />
|Neijie<br />
|<br />
|Inner Steps<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|內屏 <br />
|Nèi Píng<br />
|Neiping<br />
|<br />
|Inner Screen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|內平 <br />
|Nèi Píng<br />
|Neiping<br />
|<br />
|Inner Judge<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|內五諸侯 <br />
|Nèi Wǔ Zhū Hóu<br />
|Neiwu Zhuhou<br />
|<br />
|Five Lords of Heaven inside Taiwei<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|三公內座 <br />
|Sān Gōng Nèi Zuò<br />
|Neizuo<br />
|<br />
|Inner Seats for three Excellencies<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|輦道 <br />
|Niǎn Dào<br />
|[[Niandao]]<br />
|<br />
|Imperial Passageway<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|牛宿 <br />
|Niú Xiù<br />
|Niu<br />
|<br />
|Ox Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|钮 <br />
|Nĭu<br />
|Niu<br />
|<br />
|Pivot<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|農丈人 <br />
|Nóng Zhàng Rén<br />
|Nong Zhangren<br />
|<br />
|Old Peasant<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|女宿 <br />
|Nǚ Xiù<br />
|Nü<br />
|<br />
|Women Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|女床 <br />
|Nǚ Chuáng<br />
|[[Nüchuang]]<br />
|<br />
|Woman's Bed<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|女史 <br />
|Nǚ Shǐ<br />
|Nüshi<br />
|<br />
|Woman Officer in Charge of Time<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|霹靂 <br />
|Pī Lì<br />
|Pili<br />
|<br />
|Thunderbolt<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Pin<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|see [[Wei]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|屏 <br />
|Píng<br />
|[[Ping]]<br />
|<br />
|Screen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|平 <br />
|Píng<br />
|Ping<br />
|<br />
|Judge<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|平道 <br />
|Píng Dào<br />
|Pingdao<br />
|<br />
|Flat Road<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|齊 <br />
|Qí<br />
|Qi<br />
|<br />
|Qi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|泣 <br />
|Qì<br />
|Qi<br />
|<br />
|Weeping<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|器府 <br />
|Qì Fǔ<br />
|Qifu<br />
|<br />
|House for Musical Instruments<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|七公 <br />
|Qī Gōng<br />
|[[Qigong]]<br />
|<br />
|Seven Excellencies<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|騎官 <br />
|Qí Guān<br />
|Qiguan<br />
|<br />
|Cavalry Officers<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|秦 <br />
|Qín<br />
|Qin<br />
|<br />
|Qin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|青丘 <br />
|Qīng Qiū<br />
|Qingqiu<br />
|<br />
|Green Hill<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|騎陣將軍 <br />
|Qí Zhèn Jiāng Jūn<br />
|Qizhen Jiangjun<br />
|<br />
|Chariot and Cavalry General<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|闕丘 <br />
|Què Qiū<br />
|Queqiu<br />
|<br />
|Two Buildings on both Sides of Palace Gate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|人 <br />
|Rén<br />
|Ren<br />
|<br />
|Humans<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|日 <br />
|Rì<br />
|Ri<br />
|<br />
|Sun<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|三公 <br />
|Sān Gōng<br />
|Sangong<br />
|<br />
|Three Excellencies<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|三台<br />
|<br />
|Santai<br />
|<br />
|Three Steps<br />
|super-constellation of [[Shangtai]], [[Xiatai]] and [[Zhnogtai|Zhongtai]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|上丞<br />
|Shàng Chéng<br />
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shangcheng]]<br />
|<br />
|The Great Imperial Minister<br />
|modern star name<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|尚書 <br />
|Shàng Shū<br />
|Shangshu<br />
|<br />
|Royal Secretary<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|上台 <br />
|Shàng Tái<br />
|[[Shangtai]]<br />
|<br />
|Upper Step<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|上衛<br />
|Shàng Wèi<br />
|[[Shangwei]]<br />
|<br />
|The Great Imperial Guard<br />
|modern star name<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|少丞<br />
|Shào Chéng <br />
|[[Shangcheng and Shaocheng|Shaocheng]]<br />
|<br />
|The Second Imperial Minister<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|少民]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Shaomin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|spelling variants: Shaoming = Shaomin = Tumin = Shangmin<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|少微 <br />
|Shào Wēi<br />
|Shaowei<br />
|<br />
|Scholar-officials<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|少衛<br />
|Shào Wèi <br />
|[[Shaowei]]<br />
|<br />
|Imperial Second Guard<br />
|modern star name<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|參宿 <br />
|Shēn Xiù<br />
|Shen<br />
|<br />
|Three Stars Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|神宫<br />
|Shén Gōnɡ<br />
|[[Shengong]]<br />
|<br />
|Divine Palace<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|參旗 <br />
|Shēn Qí<br />
|Shenqi<br />
|<br />
|Banner of Shen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|勢 <br />
|Shì<br />
|Shenqi<br />
|<br />
|Eunuch<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|矢 <br />
|Shǐ<br />
|Shi<br />
|<br />
|Excrement<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|室宿 <br />
|Shì Xiù<br />
|Shi<br />
|<br />
|Room Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|市樓 <br />
|Shì Lóu<br />
|Shilou<br />
|<br />
|Market Tower<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|豕目<br />
|<br />
|[[Shimu]]<br />
|<br />
|Pig<br />
|modern star name, based on a Neolithic Chinese constellation<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|水府 <br />
|Shǔi Fǔ<br />
|Shuifu<br />
|<br />
|Water Official<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|水位 <br />
|Shǔi Wèi<br />
|Shuiwei<br />
|<br />
|Waterlevel<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|庶子 <br />
|Shù Zǐ<br />
|Shuzi<br />
|<br />
|Son of Concubine<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|四瀆 <br />
|Sì Dú<br />
|Sidu<br />
|<br />
|Four Rivers<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|司非 <br />
|Sī Fēi<br />
|Sifei<br />
|<br />
|Judge of Right and Wrong<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|四輔<br />
|Sì Fǔ<br />
|Sifu<br />
|<br />
|Four Advisors<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|司怪 <br />
|Sī Guài<br />
|Siguai<br />
|<br />
|Deity in Charge of Omen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|司祿 <br />
|Sī Lù<br />
|Silu<br />
|<br />
|Judge of Rank<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|司命 <br />
|Sī Mìng<br />
|Siming<br />
|<br />
|Judge of Life<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|司危 <br />
|Sī Wēi<br />
|Siwei<br />
|<br />
|Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|孫 <br />
|Sūn<br />
|Sun<br />
|<br />
|Grandson<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|太民]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Taimin and Shaomin|Taimin]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|spelling variants: Taiming = Taimin = Daming<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|太微 <br />
|Tài Wēi<br />
|Taiwei<br />
|<br />
|Supreme Court<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|太陽守 <br />
|Tài Yáng Shǒu<br />
|[[Taiyangshou]]<br />
|<br />
|the General in charge of the yang valve<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|太一<br />
|Tài Yī<br />
|[[Taiyi]]<br />
|<br />
|Supreme One<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|太子 <br />
|Tài Zǐ<br />
|Taizi<br />
|<br />
|Crown Prince<br />
|this name designates gam UMi but this star is already named Pherkad (so we suggest the Chinese name for Pherkad Minor)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|太尊 <br />
|Tài Zūn<br />
|Taizun<br />
|<br />
|Royals<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Tengshe|螣蛇]]<br />
|[[Tengshe|Téng Shé]]<br />
|[[Tengshe]]<br />
|<br />
|Flying Serpent<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天棓 <br />
|Tiān Bàng<br />
|[[Tianbang]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Club Weapon<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天弁 <br />
|Tiān Biàn<br />
|Tianbian<br />
|<br />
|Market Officer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天倉 <br />
|Tiān Cāng<br />
|Tiancang<br />
|<br />
|Square Celestial Granary<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天廁 <br />
|Tiān Cè<br />
|Tiance<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Toilet<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天讒 <br />
|Tiān Chán<br />
|Tianchan<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Slander<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天廚 <br />
|Tiān Chú<br />
|Tianchu<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Kitchen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天船 <br />
|Tiān Chuán<br />
|Tianchuan<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Boat<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天床 <br />
|Tiān Chuáng<br />
|Tianchuang<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Bed<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天大將軍 <br />
|Tiān Dà Jiāng Jūn<br />
|[[Tiandajiangjun|Tian Dajiangjun]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Grand General<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天阿 <br />
|Tiān Ē<br />
|Tiané<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Hillside<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天輻 <br />
|Tiān Fú<br />
|Tianfu<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Spokes<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Tianfu|天桴]]<br />
|[[Tianfu|Tiān Fú]]<br />
|[[Tianfu]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Drumstick<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天綱 <br />
|Tiān Gāng<br />
|Tiangang<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Headrope<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天高 <br />
|Tiān Gāo<br />
|Tiangao<br />
|<br />
|Celestial High Terrace<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天關 <br />
|Tiān Guān<br />
|[[Tianguan]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Pass<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天潢 <br />
|Tiān Huáng<br />
|Tianhuang<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Pond<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天溷 <br />
|Tiān Hùn<br />
|Tianhun<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Pigsty<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天紀 <br />
|Tiān Jì<br />
|[[Tianji]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Discipline<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天稷 <br />
|Tiān Jì<br />
|Tianji<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Cereals<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天璣 <br />
|Tiān Jī<br />
|Tianji<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Shining Pearl<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天記 <br />
|Tiān Jì<br />
|Tianji<br />
|<br />
|Judge to Estimate the Age of Animals<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天雞 <br />
|Tiān Jī<br />
|Tianji<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Cock<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天江 <br />
|Tiān Jiāng<br />
|Tianjiang<br />
|<br />
|Celestial River<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天街 <br />
|Tiān Jiē<br />
|Tianjie<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Street<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天節 <br />
|Tiān Jié<br />
|Tianjie<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Mace<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天津 <br />
|Tiān Jīn<br />
|[[Tianjin]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Bridge<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天廄 <br />
|Tiān Jiù<br />
|Tianjiu<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Stable<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天牢 <br />
|Tiān Láo<br />
|Tianlao<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Prison<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天壘城 <br />
|Tiān Lěi Chéng<br />
|Tianleicheng<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Castle with Walls<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天理 <br />
|Tiān Lǐ<br />
|Tianli<br />
|<br />
|Judge for Nobility<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天廩 <br />
|Tiān Lǐn<br />
|Tianlin<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Foodstuffs<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天門 <br />
|Tiān Mén<br />
|Tianmen<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Gate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天廟 <br />
|Tiān Miào<br />
|Tianmiao<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Ancestral Temple<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天錢 <br />
|Tiān Qián<br />
|Tianqian<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Coin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天槍 <br />
|Tiān Qiāng<br />
|Tianqiang<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Spear<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天權 <br />
|Tiān Quán<br />
|Tianquan<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Balance<br />
|normally a name for del UMa which is named Megrez ( so this name applied to a star closeby)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天囷 <br />
|Tiān Qūn<br />
|Tianqun<br />
|<br />
|Circular Celestial Granary<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天乳 <br />
|Tiān Rǔ<br />
|Tianru<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Milk<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天社 <br />
|Tiān Shè<br />
|[[Tianshe]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Altar of the Earth Deity<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天市 <br />
|Tiān Shì<br />
|Tianshi<br />
|<br />
|Heavenly Market<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天豕<br />
|<br />
|Tianshi<br />
|<br />
|Heavenly Pig<br />
|alternative (older) name for [[Kui]]<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天豕目<br />
|<br />
|[[Shimu|Tianshi Mu]]<br />
|<br />
|Eye of the Celestial Pig<br />
|a star name in the Tianshi=Kui<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天樞 <br />
|Tiān Shū<br />
|Tianshu<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Pivot<br />
|normally a name for alf UMa<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Tiansi]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Quadriga<br />
|modern star name <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天田 <br />
|Tiān Tián<br />
|Tiantian<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Farmland<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天田 <br />
|Tiān Tián<br />
|Tiantian<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Farmland<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天相 <br />
|Tiān Xiàng<br />
|Tianxiang<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Ministers<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天璇 <br />
|Tiān Xuán<br />
|TianXuan<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Rotating Jade<br />
|normally a name for beta UMa (applied to a star closeby)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天一<br />
|Tiān Yī<br />
|[[Tianyi]]<br />
|<br />
|Celestial One<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天陰 <br />
|Tiān Yīn<br />
|Tianyin<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Yin Force<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天庾 <br />
|Tiān Yǔ<br />
|Tianyu<br />
|<br />
|Ricks of Grain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天淵 <br />
|Tiān Yuān<br />
|Tianyuan<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Deep Water<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天苑 <br />
|Tiān Yuàn<br />
|Tianyuan<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Meadows<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天園 <br />
|Tiān Yuán<br />
|Tianyuan<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Orchard<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天籥 <br />
|Tiān Yuè<br />
|Tianyue<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Key<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天柱 <br />
|Tiān Zhù<br />
|Tianzhu<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Pillar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|天樽 <br />
|Tiān Zūn<br />
|Tianzun<br />
|<br />
|Celestial Wine Cup<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|土公 <br />
|Tǔ Gōng<br />
|Tugong<br />
|<br />
|Official for Earthworks<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|土公吏 <br />
|Tǔ Gōng Lì<br />
|Tugongli<br />
|<br />
|Clerk for Earthworks<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|屠肆 <br />
|Tú Sì<br />
|[[Tusi]]<br />
|<br />
|Butcher's Shop<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|土司空 <br />
|Tǔ Sī Kōng<br />
|Tusikong<br />
|<br />
|Master of Constructions<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|桐陵<br />
|Tóng Líng <br />
|[[Tongling]]<br />
|<br />
|Phoenix Tree Mound<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|外廚 <br />
|Wài Chú<br />
|Waichu<br />
|<br />
|Outer Kitchen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|外屏 <br />
|Wài Píng<br />
|Waiping<br />
|<br />
|Outer Screen<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|王良 <br />
|Wáng Liáng<br />
|[[Wangliang]]<br />
|<br />
|Wang Liang<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|尾宿 <br />
|Wěi Xiù<br />
|[[Wei]]<br />
|<br />
|Tail Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|魏 <br />
|Wèi<br />
|Wei<br />
|<br />
|Wei<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|危宿 <br />
|Wēi Xiù<br />
|[[Wēi|Wei]]<br />
|<br />
|Rooftop Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|胃宿 <br />
|Wèi Xiù<br />
|[[Wèi|Wei]]<br />
|<br />
|Stomach Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|文昌 <br />
|Wén Chāng<br />
|Wenchang<br />
|<br />
|Administrative Centre<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|五車 <br />
|Wǔ Chē<br />
|Wuche<br />
|<br />
|Five Chariots<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|五帝內座 <br />
|Wǔ Dì Nèi Zuò<br />
|Wudi Neizuo<br />
|<br />
|Interior Seats of Five Emperors<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|五帝座 <br />
|Wǔ Dì Zuò<br />
|Wudizuo<br />
|<br />
|Thrones of the Five Emperors<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|五諸侯 <br />
|Wǔ Zhū Hóu<br />
|Wuzhuhou<br />
|<br />
|Five Feudal Kings<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|咸池 <br />
|Xián Chí<br />
|Xianchi<br />
|<br />
|Sacrad Pool<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|相 <br />
|Xiàng<br />
|Xiang<br />
|<br />
|Prime Minister<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|下台 <br />
|Xià Tái<br />
|[[Xiatai]]<br />
|<br />
|Lower Step<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Xihe]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|modern star name<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|心宿 <br />
|Xīn Xiù<br />
|Xin<br />
|<br />
|Heart Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|星宿 <br />
|Xīng Xiù<br />
|Xing<br />
|<br />
|Seven Star Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|幸臣 <br />
|Xìng Chén<br />
|Xingchen<br />
|<br />
|Officer of Honour<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|西咸 <br />
|Xī Xián<br />
|Xixian<br />
|<br />
|Western Door<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|奚仲 <br />
|Xī Zhòng<br />
|Xizhong<br />
|<br />
|Xi Zhong<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|虛宿 <br />
|Xū Xiù<br />
|Xu<br />
|<br />
|Ruins Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|玄戈 <br />
|Xuán Gē<br />
|[[Xuange]]<br />
|<br />
|Sombre Lance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Xuanyuan|軒轅]]<br />
|[[Xuanyuan|Xuānyuán]]<br />
|[[Xuanyuan]]<br />
|<br />
|Xuanyuan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|虛梁 <br />
|Xū Liáng<br />
|Xuliang<br />
|<br />
|Temple without Beams<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|燕 <br />
|Yān<br />
|Yan <br />
|<br />
|Yan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|陽門 <br />
|Yáng Mén<br />
|Yangmen<br />
|<br />
|Gate of Yang<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|搖光 <br />
|Yáo Guāng<br />
|Yaoguang<br />
|<br />
|Twinkling Brilliance<br />
|normally a name for eta UMa but as this star is named Alkaid (applied to a star closeby)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|野雞 <br />
|Yě Jī<br />
|Yeji<br />
|<br />
|Wild Cockerel<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|謁者 <br />
|Yè Zhě<br />
|Yezhe<br />
|<br />
|Usher of the Court<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|翼宿 <br />
|Yì Xiù<br />
|Yi<br />
|<br />
|Wings Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|陰德 <br />
|Yīn Dé<br />
|Yinde<br />
|<br />
|Hidden Virtue<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|右更 <br />
|Yòu Gēng<br />
|Yougeng<br />
|<br />
|Official in Charge of Pasturing<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|右旗<br />
|Yòu Qí<br />
|Youqi<br />
|<br />
|Right Flag<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|右攝提 <br />
|Yòu Shè Tí<br />
|Yousheti<br />
|<br />
|Right Conductor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|右辖 <br />
|Yòu Xiá<br />
|Youxia<br />
|<br />
|Right Linchpin<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|魚 <br />
|Yú<br />
|Yu<br />
|<br />
|Fish<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|越 <br />
|Yuè<br />
|Yue<br />
|<br />
|Yue<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鉞 <br />
|Yuè<br />
|Yue<br />
|<br />
|Battle Axe<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|月 <br />
|Yuè<br />
|Yue<br />
|<br />
|Moon<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|玉衡 <br />
|Yù Héng<br />
|Yuheng<br />
|<br />
|Jade Sighting-tube<br />
|normally a name for eps UMa who is already named Alioth ( thus applied to a star closeby)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|玉井 <br />
|Yù Jǐng<br />
|Yujing<br />
|<br />
|Jade Well<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|羽林軍 <br />
|Yǔ Lín Jūn<br />
|Yulinjun<br />
|<br />
|Royal Guards<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Yunü|御女]]<br />
|[[Yunü|Yù Nǚ]]<br />
|[[Yunü]]<br />
|<br />
|Maids-in-waiting<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|雲雨 <br />
|Yún Yǔ<br />
|Yunyu<br />
|<br />
|Cloud and Rain<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|造父 <br />
|Zào Fù<br />
|Zaofu<br />
|<br />
|Zao Fu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|[[Zhang]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|modern star name based on a Chinese original<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|丈人 <br />
|Zhàng Rén<br />
|Zhangren<br />
|<br />
|Elderly Person<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|張宿 <br />
|Zhāng Xiù<br />
|Zhangzun<br />
|<br />
|Extended Net Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|趙 <br />
|Zhào<br />
|Zhao <br />
|<br />
|Zhao<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|招搖 <br />
|Zhāo Yáo<br />
|Zhaoyao<br />
|<br />
|A Kind of Weapon, Sword or Spear<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|軫宿 <br />
|Zhěn Xiù<br />
|Zhen<br />
|<br />
|Chariot Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|陣車 <br />
|Zhèn Chē<br />
|Zhenche<br />
|<br />
|Battle Chariots<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|鄭 <br />
|Zhèng<br />
|Zheng<br />
|<br />
|Zheng<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|折威 <br />
|Zhé Wēi<br />
|Zhewei<br />
|<br />
|Warden<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|織女 <br />
|Zhī Nǚ<br />
|Zhinu<br />
|<br />
|Weaving Girl<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|中台 <br />
|Zhōng Tái<br />
|[[Zhongtai]]<br />
|<br />
|Middle Step<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Zhou|周]]<br />
|[[Zhou|Zhōu]]<br />
|[[Zhou]]<br />
|<br />
|Zhou<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|周鼎 <br />
|Zhōu Dǐng<br />
|Zhouding<br />
|<br />
|Tripod of the Zhou<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|柱 <br />
|Zhù<br />
|Zhu<br />
|<br />
|Pillars<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|柱史 <br />
|Zhù Xià Shǐ<br />
|Zhu Xia Shi <br />
|<br />
|Officer in Charge of Public Announcements<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|諸王 <br />
|Zhū Wáng<br />
|Zhuwang<br />
|<br />
|Feudal Kings<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|觜宿 <br />
|Zī Xiù<br />
|Zi<br />
|<br />
|Bird Beak Mansion<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|子 <br />
|Zǐ<br />
|Zi<br />
|<br />
|Son<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|紫宮 <br />
|Zǐ Gōng<br />
|[[Zigong]]<br />
|<br />
|Purple Palace<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|宗 <br />
|Zōng<br />
|[[Zong]]<br />
|<br />
|Ancestors<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|宗人 <br />
|Zōng Rén<br />
|[[Zongren]]<br />
|<br />
|Asistants of Zong Zheng<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|[[Zongzheng|宗正]]<br />
|[[Zongzheng|Zōng Zhèng]]<br />
|[[Zongzheng]]<br />
|<br />
|Official for Royal Clan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|左更 <br />
|Zuó Gēng<br />
|Zuogeng<br />
|<br />
|Official in Charge of Forest<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|左旗 <br />
|Zuǒ Qí<br />
|Zuoqi<br />
|<br />
|Left Flag<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|座旗 <br />
|Zuò Qí<br />
|Zuoqi<br />
|<br />
|Seat Flags<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|左攝提 <br />
|Zuǒ Shè Tí<br />
|Zuosheti<br />
|<br />
|Left Conductor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|左辖 <br />
|Zuǒ Xiá<br />
|Zuoxia<br />
|<br />
|Left Linchpin<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
[[Category:Overviews]] [[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:East Asian]][[Category:Chinese]]<br />
[[Category:Service]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Zong&diff=42997Zong2026-05-20T12:47:20Z<p>HaochengLyu: Created new page "Zong"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Zong (宗)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|'''''Zongzheng''''', ''Zongren'' and ''Zong'' in Stellarium]]<br />
Zong (Ancestors, Patriarchal Clan, 宗), aChinese constellation consists of two stars, located north of [[Zongren]] and east of Hou (the Astrologer, [[Rasalhague|α Oph]]), belongs to the Heavenly Market Enclosure, the Shi school, and corresponds to the modern constellation [[Ophiuchus]] (After the end of the Ming Dynasty, the location moved to [[Hercules]]). This star official represents the ruling royal kin—princes and ministers with blood ties to the Heavenly Emperor. It is responsible for distinguishing degrees of kinship and serves as the emperor's auxiliary blood ministers. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
The Zong stars are used to distinguish close from distant relatives. They are the image of the imperial house and the blood-related assistants of the Heavenly Emperor, and they also govern ancestral sacrifices.<br />
<br />
''Huangdi Zhan'' (黄帝占) says: <blockquote>If the Zong stars are bright and close together, the emperor is affectionate with his kin, and the consort clans are orderly. If they are faint and far apart, then the emperor and his relatives slight each other; if there are conspirators, the emperor will suffer anxiety.</blockquote>The Book of Jin: Astronomical Treatise records:<blockquote>The Zong stars are the image of the imperial house, the blood ministers who assist the emperor.</blockquote> Bright and close stars foretell harmony among kin; faint and distant stars foretell estrangement and rebellion. These interpretations reflect the traditional Chinese practice of judging the stability of royal blood politics by the brightness and position of the Zong constellation.<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
Traditionally, Zong stars has always corresponded to the stars 71 and 72 Ophiuchus, but since the late Ming Dynasty, this constellation has been mistakenly associated with the stars 110 and 111 Herculis.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
| 110 Her<br />
| 110 Her<br />
| 72 Oph (Determinative)<br />
| 72 Oph<br />
| 72 Oph<br />
| 72 Oph<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| 111 Her<br />
| 111 Her<br />
| 71 Oph<br />
| 71 Oph<br />
| 71 Oph<br />
| 71 Oph<br />
(Determinative)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
!same in Stellarium<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in .png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|'''''Zongzheng''''', ''Zongren'' and ''Zong'' before the late Ming Dynasty in Stellarium]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Oph]]<br />
[[Category:Her]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Zongren&diff=42995Zongren2026-05-20T12:25:12Z<p>HaochengLyu: Created new page "Zongren"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Zongren (宗人)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|''Zongzheng'', '''''Zongren''''' and ''Zong'' in Stellarium]]<br />
Zōng Rén (Official of Religious Ceremonies, Asistants of Zongzheng, 宗人), a Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, located east of [[Zongzheng]], belongs to the Heavenly Market Enclosure (Tianshi Yuan, 天市垣), the Shi school, and corresponds to the modern constellation [[Ophiuchus]]. This constellation official symbolizes the members of the Heavenly Emperor's clan, presiding over the rituals and seasons of ancestral sacrifices, and also recording the degrees of kinship within the royal house. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
The Zongren stars are responsible for offering sacrifices to ancestors at proper times. They are the image of the greater lineage and govern kind affection and familial harmony.<br />
<br />
''Huangdi'' says: <blockquote>If the Zongren stars are bright and remain as usual, the clan order is maintained, and the ruler is prosperous and lucky. If they shake or deviate from their normal state, then the clansmen are discordant, the emperor's relatives will face changes, and many nobles of the clan will die.</blockquote> This indicates that bright and orderly Zongren stars bring harmony to the imperial clan, while abnormal movement or a guest star guarding them brings disaster to relatives. Thus the Zongren constellation is directly linked to the life-and-death harmony of the royal family.<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
| 66 Oph<br />
| 66 Oph<br />
| 66 Oph(Determinative)<br />
| 66 Oph<br />
| 66 Oph<br />
| 66 Oph<br />
| 66 Oph<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| 67 Oph<br />
| 67 Oph<br />
| 67 Oph<br />
| 67 Oph<br />
| 67 Oph<br />
| 67 Oph<br />
| 67 Oph<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| 68 Oph<br />
| 68 Oph<br />
| 68 Oph<br />
| 68 Oph<br />
| 68 Oph<br />
| 68 Oph<br />
| 68 Oph<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| 70 Oph<br />
| 70 Oph<br />
| 70 Oph<br />
| 70 Oph<br />
| 70 Oph<br />
| 70 Oph<br />
(Determinative)<br />
| 70 Oph<br />
(Determinative)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
!same in Stellarium<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in .png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|''Zongzheng'', '''''Zongren''''' and ''Zong'' before the late Ming Dynasty in Stellarium]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Oph]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Zongzheng&diff=42990Zongzheng2026-05-20T12:10:46Z<p>HaochengLyu: Supplement the entry</p>
<hr />
<div>Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|'''''Zongzheng''''', ''Zongren'' and ''Zong'' in Stellarium]]<br />
Zōng Zhèng (Official of the Royal Clan, 宗正), a Chinese constellation consists of 2 stars, located southeast of Dizuo (Emperor's Seat, [[Rasalgethi|α Her]]). It belongs to the Shi school, in the Heavenly Market Enclosure (Tianshi Yuan, 天市垣), and located at the modern constellation [[Ophiuchus]]. It symbolizes the official in charge of royal clan relations and ancestral temple affairs, representing the administrator of the smaller lineage of the Heavenly Emperor.<br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
According to Shi Shi's description: <blockquote>Zongzheng governs the Zongren (clansmen) and is the image of the smaller lineage.</blockquote>The Zongzheng stars represent the Heavenly Emperor's clan. When bright, the imperial clan is strong; when faint, the clan is weak. ''Shi Shi Zan''(石氏赞) says Zongzheng is the clan's grandees (宗大夫). ''The Book of Jin: Astronomical Treatise'' records:<blockquote>If a comet guards this constellation or its color fades, there will be affairs concerning the Zongzheng official; if a guest star (supernova) guards it, there will be a change of decrees.</blockquote>These accounts collectively show that the Zongzheng constellation is a celestial indicator for measuring the stability of the imperial clan's power.<br />
<br />
===Identification of stars===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
|1st<br />
|β Oph<br />
|β Oph<br />
|β Oph (Determinative)<br />
|β Oph<br />
|β Oph<br />
|β Oph<br />
|β Oph (Determinative)<br />
|-<br />
|2nd<br />
|γ Oph<br />
|γ Oph<br />
|γ Oph<br />
|γ Oph<br />
|γ Oph (Determinative)<br />
|γ Oph (Determinative)<br />
|γ Oph<br />
|}<br />
===Maps (Gallery)===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
!same in Stellarium<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in .png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' Star Chart]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium|thumb|'''''Zongzheng''''', ''Zongren'' and ''Zong'' before the late Ming Dynasty in Stellarium]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in ''Xin yixiang fayao'' Star Map]][[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)]]<br />
|[[File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium.png|alt=Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium|thumb|Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Star Name Discussion (IAU)==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ...<br />
==References==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Oph]]<br />
[[Category:4work ]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong_in_18th_Century_in_Stellarium.png&diff=42987File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium.png2026-05-20T12:09:04Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century in Stellarium</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong_in_Yixiang_kaocheng_Stat_Map_(18th_century).png&diff=42986File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century).png2026-05-20T12:07:51Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Yixiang kaocheng Stat Map (18th century)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong_in_18th_Century_Reconstructed_by_YI_Shitong_(1981).png&diff=42984File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981).png2026-05-20T12:04:28Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in 18th Century Reconstructed by YI Shitong (1981)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong_in_Xin_yixiang_fayao_Star_Map.png&diff=42980File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map.png2026-05-20T11:57:04Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Xin yixiang fayao Star Map</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong_in_Song_Dynasty_reconstructed_by_Pan_Nai_(2009).png&diff=42979File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009).png2026-05-20T11:55:12Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Song Dynasty reconstructed by Pan Nai (2009)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong_in_Suzhou_Star_Map.png&diff=42977File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map.png2026-05-20T11:50:43Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Suzhou Star Map</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong_before_Tang_dynasty_reconstructed_by_Boshun_Yang_(2023).png&diff=42976File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png2026-05-20T11:46:20Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong before Tang dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong_in_.png&diff=42975File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in .png2026-05-20T11:42:14Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong.png&diff=42953File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png2026-05-20T09:43:01Z<p>HaochengLyu: HaochengLyu uploaded a new version of File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png</p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=File:Zongzheng,_Zongren_and_Zong.png&diff=42950File:Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong.png2026-05-20T09:35:55Z<p>HaochengLyu: </p>
<hr />
<div>Zongzheng, Zongren and Zong in Stellarium</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Jiantai&diff=42894Jiantai2026-05-20T06:24:48Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added constellation catagory</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Jiantai (渐台)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
Jiàn Tái (Clepsydra Terrace, 渐台), Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
|-<br />
| 1st<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
| δ2 Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr<br />
| β Lyr (Determinative)<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr (Determinative)<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
| γ Lyr<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
| ι Lyr<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Lyr]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Santai&diff=42893Santai2026-05-20T06:23:39Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added constellation catagory</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Santai (三台)}}<br />
[[File:SanTai stellarium.jpg|thumb|SanTai in Stellarium (CC BY Sun Shuwei (孙殳玮) based on the Xinyixiangfayao Star Map from Su Song (苏颂, 1020-1101 CE)).]]<br />
Santai (三台) is a Chinese super-constellation consisting of the constellations [[Shangtai]] (Upper Steps), [[Zhongtai]] (Middle Steps), and [[Xiatai]] (Lower Steps).<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
| 1st / Shangtai 1st<br />
(determinative)<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd / Shangtai 2nd<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd / Zhongtai 1st<br />
(determinative)<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
|-<br />
|4th / Zhongtai 2nd<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
|-<br />
|5th / Xiatai 1st<br />
(determinative)<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|-<br />
|6th / Xiatai 2nd<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Super-Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:UMa]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Fang&diff=42892Fang2026-05-20T06:18:28Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added identification of Fang</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Fang (房宿)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
<br />
Fang (房宿) is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Chinese. It is the name of HIP 78265 (π Sco, HR 5944) in constellation [[Scorpius|Sco]].<br />
<br />
The historical Chinese constellation Fang is one of the Lunar Mansions (LM) and, thus, attested since the second millennium BCE. <br />
<br />
==Etymology and History==<br />
<br />
Determinitive star of lunar mansion Fang (The Room) whose naming constellation constists of 4 stars according to sources back to the 3rd millennium BCE.<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Byname/Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
| Cijiang / Zuofu / 1st (determinative)<br />
| π Sco<br />
| π Sco<br />
| π Sco<br />
| π Sco<br />
| π Sco<br />
| π Sco<br />
| π Sco<br />
|-<br />
| Shangjiang / Zuocan / 2nd<br />
| ρ Sco<br />
| ρ Sco<br />
| ρ Sco<br />
| ρ Sco<br />
| ρ Sco<br />
| ρ Sco<br />
| ρ Sco<br />
|-<br />
| Cixiang / Youfu / 3rd<br />
| δ Sco<br />
| δ Sco<br />
| δ Sco<br />
| δ Sco<br />
| δ Sco<br />
| δ Sco<br />
| δ Sco<br />
|-<br />
|Shangxiang / Youcan / 4th<br />
| β Sco<br />
| β Sco<br />
| β Sco<br />
| β Sco<br />
| β Sco<br />
| β Sco<br />
| β Sco<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Mythology==<br />
<br />
==IAU Working Group on Star Names==<br />
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2017/06/30. <br />
<br />
==Weblinks==<br />
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/<br />
<br />
==Reference==<br />
*[[References|References (general)]]<br />
* Lunar Mansion<br />
* Ian Ridpath [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/scorpius.html#chinese Star Tales Scorpius]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]<br />
[[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Sco]] [[Category:Chinese]] [[Category:East Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Zodiac]]<br />
<references /></div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Santai&diff=42891Santai2026-05-20T06:11:51Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added identification of Santai</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Santai (三台)}}<br />
[[File:SanTai stellarium.jpg|thumb|SanTai in Stellarium (CC BY Sun Shuwei (孙殳玮) based on the Xinyixiangfayao Star Map from Su Song (苏颂, 1020-1101 CE)).]]<br />
Santai (三台) is a Chinese super-constellation consisting of the constellations [[Shangtai]] (Upper Steps), [[Zhongtai]] (Middle Steps), and [[Xiatai]] (Lower Steps).<br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
| 1st / Shangtai 1st<br />
(determinative)<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
| ι UMa<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd / Shangtai 2nd<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
| κ UMa<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd / Zhongtai 1st<br />
(determinative)<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
| λ UMa<br />
|-<br />
|4th / Zhongtai 2nd<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
| μ UMa<br />
|-<br />
|5th / Xiatai 1st<br />
(determinative)<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|ν UMa<br />
|-<br />
|6th / Xiatai 2nd<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|ξ UMa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Star Name Discussion (IAU) ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Super-Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]</div>HaochengLyuhttp://210.45.112.182:8088/index.php?title=Niandao&diff=42692Niandao2026-05-19T07:31:42Z<p>HaochengLyu: Added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: Niandao (辇道)}}<br />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}<br />
----<br />
[[File:Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left).png|alt=Zhinü (right), Jiantai (lower) and Niandao (upper left)|thumb|''Zhinü'' (right), ''Jiantai'' (lower) and '''''Niandao''''' (upper left)]]<br />
Niǎn Dào (Imperial Passageway, 辇道), Chinese constellation consists of 5 stars. <br />
<br />
== Concordance, Etymology, History ==<br />
...<br />
<br />
=== Identification of stars ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)<br />
!Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref><ref group="comment">The star chart in the original material is not standard and only displays four stars. The modern star names given here are for reference only.</ref><br />
!Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981: 56.</ref><br />
Based on catalogue in 18th century<br />
!Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. p226.</ref><br />
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map<br />
!Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p443.</ref><br />
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty<br />
!SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref><br />
Han Dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 261.</ref><br />
before Tang dynasty<br />
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" /><br />
Song Jingyou(1034)<br />
|-<br />
| 1st (determinative)<br />
| V545 Lyr ?<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
| 13 Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 2nd<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| η Lyr <ref group="comment">In the original 18th century star catalog, the star (Niandao II) was actually 19 Lyr, not η Lyr. Due to a transcription error in the Flamsteed's catalog, the declination value was copied incorrectly by 10 degrees. The star catalog in ''Yixiang Kaocheng'' used incorrect coordinates, with 19 Lyr mistakenly corresponding to Niandao II. Later scholars often used incorrect coordinates to identify the star as η Lyr, but based on the original data, η Lyr should actually be Niandao Added II.</ref><br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
| η Lyr<br />
|-<br />
| 3rd<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
| θ Lyr<br />
|-<br />
|4th<br />
| χ Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
| 4 Cyg<br />
|-<br />
|5th<br />
|?<br />
|17 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|8 Cyg<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<references group="comment" /><br />
<br />
=== Maps (Gallery) ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!historical map<br />
!modern identification<br />
(Yang 2023)<br />
!same in Stellarium 24.4<br />
|-<br />
|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==<br />
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...<br />
<br />
Decision: ... <br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
[[References (Chinese)]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Asterism ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellation ]]<br />
[[Category:Eurasia]]<br />
[[Category:Asian]]<br />
[[Category:East Asian]]<br />
[[Category:Chinese ]]<br />
[[Category:Cyg]]<br />
[[Category:Lyr]]</div>HaochengLyu