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User:KhalidAlAjaji/PlanetariumArabicumCatalog

2026-06-12T19:56:57Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Created Planetarium Arabicum basic catalog

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Number
!type
!Meaning
!Arabic
!Phonetic Transliteration
!Transliteration
!IPA
!references
!Mapping
!Notes
!Sources text
!Etymology
|-
|1
|
|The Two Oryx Calves
|الفَرْقَدَان
|al-Farqadān
|al-Farqadān
|al.far.qa.daːn
|1; 2(146); 3(2-340); 4(127)
|UMi
|
|
|
|-
|2.1
|
|The Axe Of The Grindstone
|الفَأْس، فَأْسُ الرَّحَى
|al-Fa's, Fa's al-Rahā
|al-Faʾs, Fa's al-Raḥā
|alfaʔ.s, faʔ.sur.ra.ħaː
|1; 2(122); 3(2-340); 4(127)
|UMi
|
|
|
|-
|2.2
|
|The Axe Of The Pole
|فَأْسُ القُطْب
|Fa's al-qutb
|Qaws al-quṭb
|qawsulqutˤb
|2(122)
|UMi
|
|
|
|-
|2.3
|
|The Arc Of The Pole
|قَوْسُ القُطْب
|Qaws al-qutb
|Fa's al-quṭb
|faʔ.sulqutˤb
|2(122)
|UMi
|
|
|
|-
|3.1
|
|[Little] Daughters Of Na'sh
|بَنَاتُ نَعْشٍ [الصُّغْرَى]
|Banāt Na'sh
|Banāt Naʿš
|ba.naː.tu naʕ.ʃ
|1; 2(145);3(2-340); 4(127)
|UMi
|
|
|
|-
|3.2
|
|Daughters [of Little Daughters Of Na'sh]
|بَنَات [من بنات نعش الصغرى]
|Banāt Na'sh
|Banāt Naʿš
|ba.naː.tu naʕ.ʃ
|1; 2(146); 3(2-340); 4(127)
|UMi
|
|
|
|-
|3.3
|
|Na'sh [of Little Daughters Of Na'sh]
|نَعْش [من بنات نعش الصغرى]
|Banāt Na'sh
|Banāt Naʿš
|ba.naː.tu naʕ.ʃ
|1; 2(146); 3(2-340); 4(127)
|UMi
|
|
|
|-
|3.4
|
|[Big] Daughters Of Na'sh
|بَنَاتُ نَعْشٍ [الكُبْرَى]
|Banāt Na'sh
|Banāt Naʿš
|ba.naː.tu naʕ.ʃ
|1; 2(147); 3(2-341); 4(128)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|3.5
|
|
|بَنُو نَعْش
|banū naʿsh
|Banū Naʿš
|ba.nuː naʕʃ
|1; 33(2-341)
|
|
|
|
|-
|3.6
|
|
|آلُ نَعْش
|ʾālu naʿsh
|ʾĀlu Naʿš
|ʔaː.lu naʕʃ
|1; 3(2-341)
|
|
|
|
|-
|3.7
|
|Daughters [of The Big Daughters Of Na'sh]
|بَنَات [من بنات نعش الكبرى]
|Banāt Na'sh
|Banāt Naʿš
|ba.naː.tu naʕ.ʃ
|1; 2; 3(2-341); 4(128)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|3.8
|
|Na'sh [of The Big Daughters Of Na'sh]
|نَعْش [من بنات نعش الكبرى]
|Banāt Na'sh
|Banāt Naʿš
|ba.naː.tu naʕ.ʃ
|1; 2; 3(2-341); 4(128)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|3.9
|
|Bed of Daughters Of Na'sh
|سَرِيرُ بَنَاتِ نَعْش
|Sarīr banāt naʿsh
|Sarīr Banāt Naʿš
|sa.riː.ru ba.ˈnaː.ti naʕʃ
|1
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|4.1
|
|The Gazelles
|الظِّبَاء
|al-Zhibā'
|al-Ẓibāʾ
|aðˤ.ðˤi.baːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|4.2
|
|Youngsters of the Gazelles
|أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاء
|Awlād al-Zhibā'
|Awlād al-Ẓibāʾ
|awlaː.duðˤ.ðˤi.baːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|4.3
|
|The Leaps of the Gazelles
|نَفَزَاتُ الظِّبَاء
|Nafazāt al-ẓibāʾ
|Nafazāt aẓ-Ẓibāʾ
|na.fa.zaː.tu ðˤ.ðˤi.baːʔ
|2(66); 3(2-342); 4(103)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|4.4
|
|The Leaps
|النَّوَافِز
|al-Nawāfiz
|al-Nawāfiz
|an.na.waː.fiz
|3(2-342); 4(103)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|4.5
|
|The Leaps
|القَفَزَاتُ
|al-Qafazātu
|al-Qafazāt
|al.qa.fa.zaː.tu
|1,2(66); 3(2-342)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|4.6
|
|The Leaps
|الْقُحَيْزَات
|al-quḥayzāt
|al-Quḥayzāt
|al.qu.ħaj.zaːt
|5
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|4.7
|
|the Pairs
|القَرَائِن
|al-qarāʾin
|al‑Qarāʾin
|al.qa.ˈraː.ʔin
|1,2(66); 3(2-342); 4(104)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|4.8
|
|The little foxes
|الثُّعَيْلِبَات
|al-Ṯuʿaylibāt
|al-Ṯuʿaylibāt
|aθ.θu.ʕaj.li.baːt
|1,2(66); 3(2-342); 4(104)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|5
|
|The First Leap
|القَفْزَةُ الأُولَى
|al-Qafzah al-'Ūlā
|al-Qafzah al-ʾŪlā
|ʔal.qaf.za.tul.ʔuː.laː
|1
|UMa
|3 and 4 does not mention the name explicitly , but is implied from specifying that there are 3 Nafazāt.
|
|
|-
|6
|
|The Second Leap
|القَفْزَةُ الثَّانِيَة
|al-Qafzah al-Thāniyah
|al-Qafzah al-Ṯāniyah
|al.qaf.za.tu.θ.θ.aː.ni.ja
|
|UMa
|3 and 4 does not mention the name explicitly , but is implied from specifying that there are 3 Nafazāt.
|
|
|-
|7
|
|The Third Leap
|القَفْزَةُ الثَّالِثَة
|al-Qafzah al-Thālithah
|al-Qafzah al-Ṯāliṯah
|al.qaf.za.tu.θθ.aː.li.θa
|
|UMa
|3 and 4 does not mention the name explicitly , but is implied from specifying that there are 3 Nafazāt.
|
|
|-
|8
|
|The Pool
|الْحَوْض
|al-Hawd
|al-Hawḍ
|al.ħawdˤ
|1; 2(67, also mentioned wrongly in 149 as العنق); 3(2-342); 4(129)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|9
|
|The Two Preceding To The Water
|الفَارِطَان
|al-Faritan
|al-Fariṭan
|al.faː.ri.tˤaːn
|6(3-314)
|UMa
|
|
|
|-
|10.1
|
|The Two Wolves
|الذئبان
|al-Dhi'bān
|al-Ḏiʾbān
|aððiʔ.baːn
|1; 2(148); 3(2-342); 4(128)
|Dra
|
|
|
|-
|10.2
|
|The Two falcons
|الحُرَّان
|al-Ḥurrān
|al-Ḥurrān
|al.ħur.raːn
|1;2(148);3(2-342);4(127)
|Dra
|
|
|
|-
|10.3
|
|The Two Black Mountain Swifts
|العَوْهَقَان
|al-ʿawhaqān
|al-ʿAwhaqān
|al.ʕaw.ha.qaːn
|1; 3(2-342); 4(128)
|Dra
|
|
|
|-
|11
|
|The Wolf Claws
|أظفار الذئب
|Azhfār al-Dhi'b
|Aẓfār al-Ḏiʾb
|ʔaðˤ.faː.ru.ððiʔ.b
|1;2(148);3(2-342);4(128)
|Dra
|
|
|
|-
|12
|
|The Mother Camels
|العَوَائِذ
|al-'Āwāidh
|al-ʿĀwāiḏ
|al.ʕa.waː.ʔið
|1; 2(148); 3(2-342); 4(129)
|Dra
|
|
|
|-
|13
|
|The Three Stone Support
|الأَثَافِي
|al-Athāfī
|al-Aṯāfī
|al.ʔa.θaːaːfiː
|1; 4(128)
|Dra
|
|
|
|-
|14
|
|The Pot
|القدر
|al-Qidr
|al-Qidr
|al.qidr
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|15
|
|The Shepherd And The Sheep
|الراعي الشمالي والشاء
|al-Rā'ī al-Shamālī wal-Shshā'
|al-Rāʿī al-Šamālī wal-Ššāʾ
|ar.raː.ʕiʃ.ʃa.maː.liː waʃ.ʃaːaːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|16
|
|The Two Separated Stars
|كوكبا الفرق
|Kawkabā al-Farq
|Kawkabā al-Farq
|kaw.ka.baːl.farq
|3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|17
|
|The Armed One
|ذو السلاح
|Dhu al-Silāh
|Ḏu al-Silāḥ
|ðussɪ.laːħ
|1; 2
|
|
|
|
|-
|18
|
|The Spear
|الرمح
|al-Rumh
|al-Rumḥ
|ar.rumħ
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|19
|
|The Unarmed One
|السماك الأعزل
|al-Simāk al-A'zal
|al-Simāk al-Aʿzal
|as.si.maːkul.ʔaʕ.za.l
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|20
|
|The Hyenas And Their Youngsters
|الضباع وأولاد الضباع
|al-Dibā' wa Awlād al-Dibā'
|al-Ḍibāʿ wa Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ
|ʔadˤdˤ.ːi.baːʕu wa ʔaw.laːdu dˤdˤ.ːi.baːʕ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|21
|
|The Bowl Of The Poor
|قصعة المساكين
|Qas'at al-Masākīn
|Qaṣʿat al-Masākīn
|qa.sˤʕa.tul.ma.saːkiːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|22
|
|The Desert Garden And The Goats
|الروضة والأغنام
|al-Rawdah wal-Aghnām
|al-Rawḍah wal-Aġnām
|ar.raw.dˤa.tu wal.ʔaɣ.naːm
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|23
|
|The Northern Line
|النسق الشآمي
|al-Nasaq al-Shāmī
|al-Nasaq al-Šāmī
|an.nasaquʃ.ʃaʔaːaː.miː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|24
|
|The Southern Line
|النسق اليماني
|al-Nasaq al-Yamānī
|al-Nasaq al-Yamānī
|an.nas.aqul.ja.maː.niː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|25
|
|The Landing Eagle
|النسر الواقع
|al-Nasr al-Wāqi'
|al-Nasr al-Wāqiʿ
|an.nas.rul.waː.qiʕ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|26
|
|The Flying Eagle
|النسر الطائر
|al-Nasr al-Ta'ir
|al-Nasr al-Ṭaʾir
|an.nas.rutˤtˤaːʔi.r
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|27
|
|The Knights
|الفوارس
|al-Fawāris
|al-Fawāris
|al.fa.waː.rɪs
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|28
|
|The She-Camel
|الناقة
|al-Nāqah
|al-Nāqah
|an.naː.qah
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|29
|
|Head Of The She-Camel
|رأس الناقة
|Ra's al-Nāqah
|Raʾs al-Nāqah
|raʔ.su.n.naː.qa.h
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|30
|
|Neck Of The She-Camel
|عنق الناقة
|'Unuq al-Nāqah
|ʿUnuq al-Nāqah
|ʕu.nu.qu.n.naː.qah
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|31
|
|Legs Of The She-Camel
|يدا الناقة
|Yadā al-Nāqah
|Yadā al-Nāqah
|ja.daːn.naː.qah
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|32
|
|The She-Camel's Hump
|سنام الناقة
|Sanām al-Nāqah
|Sanām al-Nāqah
|sa.naːmun.naː.qah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|33
|
|Al-Thurayya [The head and the two hands]
|الثريا [الرأس واليدان]
|al-Thurayyā [al-Ra's wa al-Yadān]
|al-Ṯurayyā [al-Raʾs wa al-Yadān]
|aθθu.rajj.jaː [ar.raʔ.su.wal.yadaːn]
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|34
|
|The Leprous Hand
|الكف الجذماء
|al-Kaff al-Jadhmā
|al-Kaff al-Ǧaḏmā
|al.kaf.ful.dʒað.maːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|35
|
|The Henna Tinted Hand
|الكف الخضيب
|al-Kaff al-Khadīb
|al-Kaff al-Ḫaḍīb
|al.kaf.ful.xa.dˤiːb
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|36
|
|The Wrist
|المعصم
|al-Mi'sam
|al-Miʿṣam
|al.miʕ.sˤam
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|37
|
|Al-Ayyuq And The Posts
|العيوق والأعلام
|al-'Ayyūq wal-A'lām
|al-ʿAyyūq wal-Aʿlām
|al.ʕaj.juːqu wal.ʔaʕ.laːm
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|38
|
|The Northern Tent
|الخباء الشآمي
|al-Khibā' al-Shamī
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-Šamī
|al.xɪ.baːʔuʃ.ʃʔaː.miː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|39
|
|The Young Camel
|القعود
|al-Qa'ūd
|al-Qaʿūd
|al.qaʕuːd
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|40
|
|The Caracal
|عناق الأرض
|'Anāq al-Ard
|ʿAnāq al-Arḍ
|ʕa.naːqul.ʔardˤ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|41
|
|The Well Bucket
|الدلو
|al-Dalw
|al-Dalw
|ad.dal.w
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|42
|
|The Bucket Rope Knot
|الكرب
|al-Karab
|al-Karab
|al.karab
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|43
|
|The Front Bucket Mouth
|الفرغ المقدم
|al-Fargh al-Muqaddam
|al-Farġ al-Muqaddam
|al.farɣl.mu.qad.dam
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|44
|
|The Rear Bucket Mouth
|الفرغ المؤخر
|al-Fargh al-Mu'akhkhar
|al-Farġ al-Muʾaḫḫar
|al.farɣl.mu.ʔax.xar
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|45
|
|The Bucket Rope
|الرشاء
|al-Rishā'
|al-Rišāʾ
|ar.ri.ʃaːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|46
|
|The Fish
|الحوت
|al-Hūt
|al-Ḥūt
|al.ħuːt
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|47
|
|The Empty Place Of The Fox
|بلدة الثعلب
|Baldat al-Tha'lab
|Baldat al-Ṯaʿlab
|bal.da.tuθ.θaʕ.lab
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|48
|
|The Lamb
|الحمل
|al-Hamal
|al-Ḥamal
|al.ħam.al
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|50
|
|The Two Signs
|الشرطان
|al-Sharatān
|al-Šaraṭān
|ʔaʃ.ʃa.ra.tˤaːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|51
|
|The Little Abdomen
|البطين
|al-Butayn
|al-Buṭayn
|ʔal.bu.tˤajn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|52
|
|Al-Thurayya
|الثريا
|al-Thurayyā
|al-Ṯurayyā
|ʔaθθu.raɪ.jaː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|53
|
|Al-Dabaran
|الدبران
|al-Dabarān
|al-Dabarān
|ʔad.da.ba.raːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|54
|
|The Two Dogs Of Al-Dabaran
|كلبا الدبران
|Kalbā al-Dabarān
|Kalbā al-Dabarān
|kal.baːd.da.ba.raːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|55
|
|The Young She-Camels
|القلاص
|al-Qilās
|al-Qilāṣ
|ʔal.qi.laːsˤ
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|56
|
|The Lion
|الأسد
|al-Asad
|al-Asad
|ʔal.ʔa.sad
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|57
|
|The Retracted Arm
|الذراع المقبوضة
|al-Dhira' al-Maqbūdah
|al-Ḏiraʿ al-Maqbūḍah
|ʔaðːi.raː.ʕul.maq.buː.dˤa
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|58
|
|The Extended Arm
|الذراع المبسوطة
|al-Dhira' al-Mabsūtah
|al-Ḏiraʿ al-Mabsūṭah
|ʔaðːi.raː.ʕul.mab.suː.tˤa
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|59
|
|The Nostrils
|النثرة
|al-Nathrah
|al-Naṯrah
|ʔan.naθ.rah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|60
|
|The Eyes
|الطرف
|al-Tarf
|al-Ṭarf
|ʔatˤ.tˤarf
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|61
|
|The Forehead
|الجبهة
|al-Jabhah
|al-Ǧabhah
|ʔal.dʒab.hah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|62
|
|The Mane
|الزبرة
|al-Zubrah
|al-Zubrah
|ʔaz.zub.rah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|63
|
|Star Of Weather Change
|الصرفة
|al-Sarfah
|al-Ṣarfah
|asˤ.sˤar.fah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|64
|
|The Bend
|العوا
|al-'Awwā
|al-ʿAwwā
|ʔal.ʕaw.waː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|65
|
|The Cover
|الغفر
|al-Ghafr
|al-Ġafr
|ʔal.ɣafr
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|66
|
|The Tassel
|الهلبة
|al-Hulbah
|al-Hulbah
|ʔal.hul.bah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|67
|
|The Scorpion
|العقرب
|al-'Aqrab
|al-ʿAqrab
|ʔal.ʕaq.rab
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|68
|
|The scorpion's claws
|الزبانى
|al-Zubana
|al-Zubana
|ʔaz.zu.baː.naː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|69
|
|The Diadem
|الإكليل
|al-Iklīl
|al-Iklīl
|ʔal.ʔik.liːl
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|70
|
|The Heart
|القلب
|al-Qalb
|al-Qalb
|al.qalb
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|71
|
|The scorpion's tail segments
|الفقرات
|al-Fiqarāt
|al-Fiqarāt
|ʔal.fi.qa.raːt
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|72
|
|The Scorpion's Sting
|الشولة
|al-Shawlah
|al-Šawlah
|ʔaʃ.ʃaw.lah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|73
|
|The Ostriches
|النعائم
|al-Na'ā'im
|al-Naʿāʾim
|ʔan.na.ʕaː.ʔim
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|74
|
|The Ostriches Drinking At The River
|النعام الوارد
|al-Na'ām al-Warid
|al-Naʿām al-Warid
|ʔan.na.ʕaː.mul.waː.rid
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|75
|
|The Ostriches Leaving The River
|النعام الصادر
|al-Na'ām al-Sadir
|al-Naʿām al-Ṣadir
|ʔan.na.ʕaː.mus.sˤaː.dir
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|76
|
|The Ostrich Nest
|الأدحي
|al-Udhey
|al-Udḥey
|ʔal.ʔud.ħij.j
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|77
|
|The Necklace
|القلادة
|al-Qilādah
|al-Qilādah
|ʔal.qi.laː.dah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|78
|
|The Dome-Like Tent
|القبة
|al-Qubbah
|al-Qubbah
|ʔal.qub.bah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|79
|
|The Empty Place
|البلدة
|al-Baldah
|al-Baldah
|ʔal.bal.dah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|80
|
|The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer
|سعد الذابح
|Sa'd al-Dhabih
|Saʿd al-Ḏabiḥ
|saʕ.duð.ðaː.biħ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|81
|
|The Lucky Star Of The Swallower
|سعد بلع
|Sa'd Bula'
|Saʿd Bulaʿ
|saʕ.du bu.laʕ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|82
|
|The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars
|سعد السعود
|Sa'd al-Su'ūd
|Saʿd al-Suʿūd
|saʕ.du s.su.ʕuːd
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|83
|
|The Lucky Star Of The Tents
|سعد الأخبية
|Sa'd al-Akhbiyah
|Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah
|saʕ.dul.ʔax.bi.jah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|84
|
|The Lucky Star Of Nashira
|سعد ناشرة
|Sa'd Nashirah
|Saʿd Naširah
|saʕ.du naː.ʃi.rah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|85
|
|The Lucky Star Of The King
|سعد الملك
|Sa'd al-Malik
|Saʿd al-Malik
|saʕ.dul.ma.lik
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|86
|
|The Lucky Star Of The Young Sheep
|سعد البهام
|Sa'd al-Bihām
|Saʿd al-Bihām
|saʕ.dul.bi.haːm
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|87
|
|The Lucky Star Of The One With Great Endeavour
|سعد الهمام
|Sa'd al-Humām
|Saʿd al-Humām
|saʕ.dul.hu.maːm
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|88
|
|The Lucky Star Of The Excellent One
|سعد البارع
|Sa'd al-Bāri'
|Saʿd al-Bāriʿ
|saʕ.dul.baː.riʕ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|89
|
|The Lucky Star Of Matar
|سعد مطر
|Sa'd Matar
|Saʿd Maṭar
|saʕ.du ma.tˤar
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|90
|
|The Ringed Rope
|الربق
|al-Ribq
|al-Ribq
|ʔar.ribq
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|91
|
|Al-Jawza
|الجوزاء
|al-Jawzā'
|al-Ǧawzāʾ
|ʔal.dʒaw.zaːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|92
|
|The Circular Mark
|الهقعة
|al-Haq'ah
|al-Haqʿah
|ʔal.haq.ʕah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|93
|
|The String
|النظم
|al-Nazhm
|al-Naẓm
|ʔan.naðˤm
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|94
|
|The Young Maids
|الجواري
|al-Jawārī
|al-Jawārī
|ʔal.dʒa.waː.riː
|1; 2; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|95
|
|Hair Braids Of Al-Jawza
|ذوائب الجوزاء
|Dhawā'ib al-Jawzā'
|Ḏawāʾib al-Ǧawzāʾ
|ða.waː.ʔi.bul.dʒaw.zaːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|96
|
|Bow Of Al-Jawza
|قوس الجوزاء
|Qaws al-Jawzā'
|Qaws al-Ǧawzāʾ
|qaw.sul.dʒaw.zaːʔ
|1; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|97
|
|The Downward Bend
|الهنعة
|al-Han'ah
|al-Hanʿah
|ʔal.han.ʕah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|98
|
|Stars Of Abundant Rain
|التحايي
|al-Tahāyey
|al-Taḥāyey
|ʔat.ta.ħaːj.ijiː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|99
|
|The Front Footstool Of Al-Jawza
|كرسي الجوزاء المقدم
|Kursey al-Jawzā' al-Muqaddam
|Kursey al-Ǧawzāʾ al-Muqaddam
|kur.siːl.dʒaw.zaːʔil.mu.qad.dam
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|100
|
|The Rear Footstool Of Al-Jawza
|كرسي الجوزاء المؤخر
|Kursey al-Jawzā' al-Mu'akhkhar
|Kursey al-Ǧawzāʾ al-Muʾaḫḫar
|kur.siːl.dʒaw.zaːʔil.mu.ʔax.xar
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|101
|
|The Virgins
|العذارى
|al-'Adhārā
|al-ʿAḏārā
|ʔal.ʕa.ðaː.raː
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|102
|
|The Ravens
|الأغربة
|al-Aghribah
|al-Aġribah
|ʔal.ʔaɣ.rj.bah
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|103
|
|The Ostriches
|النعامات
|al-Na'āmāt
|al-Naʿāmāt
|ʔan.na.ʕaː.maːt
|1; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|104
|
|The Ostriches Nest, The Eggs And Egg Shells
|أدحي النعام والبيض والقيض
|Udhey al-Na'ām wal-Bayd wal-Qayd
|Udḥey al-Naʿām wal-Bayḍ wal-Qayḍ
|ʔud.ħij.jun.na.ʕaːm wal.bajdˤ wal.qajdˤ
|1; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|105
|
|The Oryxes
|البقر
|al-Baqar
|al-Baqar
|ʔal.ba.qar
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|106
|
|The Tied Camels
|الشراسيف
|al-Sharāsīf
|al-Šarāsīf
|ʔaʃʃa.raː.siːf
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|107
|
|The Trough
|المعلف
|al-Ma'laf
|al-Maʿlaf
|ʔal.miʕ.laf
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|108
|
|The Southern Tent
|الخباء اليماني
|al-Khibā' al-Yamānī
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī
|ʔal.xɪ.baːʔu l.ja.maːniː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|109
|
|The Date Clusters
|الشماريخ
|al-Shamārīkh
|al-Šamārīḫ
|ʔaʃʃa.maː.riːx
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|110
|
|The Horses And The Foals
|الخيل وأفلاء الخيل
|al-Khayl wa Aflā' al-Khayl
|al-Ḫayl wa Aflāʾ al-Ḫayl
|al.xajlu wa ʔaf.laːʔu l.xajl
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|111
|
|The Two Shrikes
|الصردان
|al-Suradān
|al-Ṣuradān
|ʔasˤsˤura.daːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|112
|
|The Two Doves
|اليمامتان
|al-Yamāmatān
|al-Yamāmatān
|ʔal.ja.maː.ma.taːn
|1; 2; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|113
|
|The Two Male Ostriches
|الظليمان
|al-Zhalīmān
|al-Ẓalīmān
|ʔaðˤ.ðˤa.liː.maːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|114
|
|The Young Ostriches
|الرئال
|al-Ri'āl
|al-Riʾāl
|ʔar.ri.ʔaːl
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|115
|
|The Larks
|المكاكي
|al-Makakī
|al-Makakī
|ʔal.ma.kaː.kiː
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
|116
|
|The Sandgrouses
|القطا
|al-Qatā
|al-Qaṭā
|ʔal.qɑ.tˤɑː
|1; 2; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|117
|
|The Wild Asses
|العانة
|al-'Anah
|al-ʿAnah
|al.ʕaːn.ah
|1; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|118
|
|The Ladder
|السلم
|al-sullam
|al-sullam
|ʔas.su.llam
|1; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|123
|
|The Arm
|الذراع
|al-Dhira'
|al-Ḏiraʿ
|ʔaðːi.raːʕ
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|128
|
|Star Of Weather Change
|الصرفة
|al-Sarfah
|al-Ṣarfah
|as.ˈsˤar.fah
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|130
|
|The High One
|السماك
|al-Simāk
|al-Simāk
|as.si.maːk
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|132
|
|Claws Of The Scorpion
|الزبانى
|al-Zubānā
|al-Zubānā
|az.zu.ˈbaː.naː
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|135
|
|Raised Tail Of The Scorpion
|الشولة
|al-Shawlah
|al-Šawlah
|ʔaʃ.ʃa.wlah
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|136
|
|The Ostriches
|النعائم
|al-Na'ā'im
|al-Naʿāʾim
|ʔan.na.ʕaː.ʔim
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|151
|
|The Lower Cross Beam
|العرقوة السفلى
|al-'Arquwah al-Suflā
|al-ʿArquwah al-Suflā
|al.ʕur.quwa.tu s.suf.laː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|152
|
|Hadari
|حضار
|Hadārī
|Ḥaḍārī
|ħa.dˤaː.ri
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|154
|
|Abdomen Of The Fish
|بطن السمكة
|Batn al-Samakah
|Baṭn al-Samakah
|batˤ.nu s.sama.kah
|1; 2
|
|
|
|
|-
|155
|
|Abdomen Of The Whale
|بطن الحوت
|Batn al-Hūt
|Baṭn al-Ḥūt
|batˤ.nul.ħuːt
|3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|156
|
|Oath Star
|المحلف
|al-Muhlif
|al-Muḥlif
|al.muħ.lif
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|157
|
|Al-Wazn
|الوزن
|al-Wazn
|al-Wazn
|al.wazn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|158
|
|The Two Forelegs
|الأيبسان
|al-Aybasān
|al-Aybasān
|al.ʔaj.ba.saːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|161
|
|The Kid
|الجدي
|al-Jady
|al-Ǧady
|ʔal.dʒad.j
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|162
|
|The Forearm
|الساعد
|al-Sa'id
|al-Saʿid
|as.saː.ʕid
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|163
|
|The Elbow
|المرفق
|al-Mirfaq
|al-Mirfaq
|al.mir.faq
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|164
|
|Bend Of The Hand
|المأبض
|al-Ma'bid
|al-Maʾbiḍ
|al.maʔ.bidˤ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|165
|
|Tip Of The Elbow
|إبرة المرفق
|Ibrat al-Mirfaq
|Ibrat al-Mirfaq
|ʔib.ra.tul.mir.faq
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|166
|
|The Shoulder Blade
|العاتق
|al-'Atiq
|al-ʿAtiq
|al.ʕaː.tɪq
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|167
|
|The Arm
|العضد
|al-'Adud
|al-ʿAḍud
|al.ʕa.dˤud
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|168
|
|The Shoulder
|المنكب
|al-Mankib
|al-Mankib
|al.mankib
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|170
|
|The Male Camel
|الفنيق
|al-Fanīq
|al-Fanīq
|al.fa.niːq
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|171
|
|The Wood Stirring Rod
|المجدح
|al-Mijdah
|al-Miǧdaḥ
|al.midʒ.daħ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|172
|
|The Camel Herder
|حادي النجم
|Hadī al-Najm
|Ḥadī al-Najm
|ħaː.diːn.nadʒm
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|173
|
|Foot Of Al-Ayyuq
|رجل العيوق
|Rijl al-'Ayyūq
|Rijl al-ʿAyyūq
|ridʒlul.ʕaj.juːq
|1; 2; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|174
|
|Leg Of Al-Jawza
|رجل الجوزاء
|Rijl al-Jawzā'
|Rijl al-Ǧawzāʾ
|ridʒ.lul.dʒaw.zaːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|175
|
|Al-Ayyuq
|العيوق
|al-'Ayyūq
|al-ʿAyyūq
|al.ʕaj.juːq
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|176
|
|Ayyuq Al-Thurayya
|عيوق الثريا
|'Ayyūq al-Thurayyā
|ʿAyyūq al-Ṯurayyā
|ʕaj.juːquθ.θu.ra.jjaː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|177
|
|Al-Thurayya watcher
|رقيب الثريا
|Raqīb al-Thurayyā
|Raqīb al-Ṯurayyā
|ra.qiːbuθ.θu.ra.jjaː
|4; 9
|
|
|
|
|-
|178
|
|Al-Najidh
|الناجذ
|al-Nājidh
|al-Nāǧiḏ
|an.naː.dʒið
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|181
|
|Shoulder Of Al-Jawza
|منكب الجوزاء
|Mankib al-Jawzā'
|Mankib al-Ǧawzāʾ
|man.kibul.dʒaw.zaːʔ
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|182
|
|The Posts
|الأعلام
|al-A'lām
|al-Aʿlām
|al.ʔaʕ.laːm
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|183
|
|The Associates Of Al-Ayyuq
|التوابع
|al-Tawābi'
|al-Tawābiʿ
|at.tawaː.bɪʕ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|186
|
|Stars Of Abundant Rain
|التحايي
|al-Tahāyey
|al-Taḥāyey
|ʔat.ta.ħaːj.ijiː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|187
|
|Mirzam Of The Crossing Shi'ra
|مرزم العبور
|Mirzam al-'Abūr
|Mirzam al-ʿAbūr
|mir.zamul.ʕa.buːr
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|188
|
|Mirzam Of Al-Shi'ra
|مرزم الشعرى
|Mirzam al-Shi'rā
|Mirzam al-Šiʿrā
|mir.zamuʃʃiʕ.raː
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|190
|
|Suhayl
|سهيل
|Suhayl
|Suhayl
|su.haj.l
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|192
|
|Az-Zir
|الزر
|al-Zir
|al-Zir
|az.zɪr
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|193
|
|The Southern Shi'ra
|الشعرى اليمانية
|al-Shi'rā al-Yamāniyah
|al-Šiʿrā al-Yamāniyah
|ʔaʃʃiʕ.raːl.ja.maː.nij.jah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|194
|
|The Crossing Shi'ra
|الشعرى العبور
|al-Shi'rā al-'Abūr
|al-Šiʿrā al-ʿAbūr
|ʔaʃʃiʕ.raːl.ʕa.buːr
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|195
|
|Al-Maysan
|الميسان
|al-Maysan
|al-Maysan
|al.maj.saːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|196
|
|Suhayl Balqayn
|سهيل بلقين
|Suhayl Balqayn
|Suhayl Balqayn
|su.haj.lu bal.qajn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|200
|
|The Claws
|الأظفار
|al-Azhfār
|al-Aẓfār
|al.ʔaðˤ.faːr
|1; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|201
|
|Mirzam of The Arm
|مرزم الذراع
|Mirzam al-Dhirā'
|Mirzam al-Ḏirāʿ
|mir.zamuðði.raːʕ
|1; 2; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|203
|
|The Northern Shi'ra
|الشعرى الشامية
|al-Shi'rā al-Shāmiyah
|al-Šiʿrā al-Šāmiyah
|ʔaʃʃiʕ.raːʃ.ʃaː.mi.jjah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|204
|
|The Tearful Shi'ra
|الشعرى الغميصاء
|al-Shi'rā al-Ghumaysā'
|al-Šiʿrā al-Ġumayṣāʾ
|ʔaʃʃiʕ.raːl.ɣu.maj.sˤaːʔ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|206
|
|Suhayl Hadari
|سهيل حضار
|Suhayl Hadārī
|Suhayl Ḥaḍārī
|su.haj.lu ħa.dˤaːri
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|207
|
|Suhayl Al-Wazn
|سهيل الوزن
|Suhayl al-Wazn
|Suhayl al-Wazn
|su.haj.lul.wazn
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|208
|
|Suhayl Raqashi
|سهيل رقاش
|Suhayl Raqāshī
|Suhayl Raqāšī
|su.haj.lu ra.qaːʃi
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|209
|
|The Sole One
|الفرد
|al-Fard
|al-Fard
|al.fard
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|211
|
|The Eyelashes
|الأشفار
|al-Ashfār
|al-Ašfār
|al.ʔaʃ.faːr
|1; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|216
|
|The Dark Camel
|الجون
|al-Jawn
|al-Ǧawn
|al.dʒawn
|2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|217
|
|The Oryx
|الحور
|al-Hawar
|al-Ḥawar
|al.ħawar
|6
|
|
|
|
|-
|218
|
|Liver Of The Lion
|كبد الأسد
|Kabid al-Asad
|Kabid al-Asad
|ka.bidul.ʔa.sad
|1; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|219
|
|The Little Goat
|العناق
|al-'Anāq
|al-ʿAnāq
|al.ʕa.naːq
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|221
|
|Al-Suha
|السها
|al-Suha
|al-Suha
|as.su.haː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|222
|
|Aslam
|أسلم
|Aslam
|Aslam
|ʔas.lam
|6
|
|
|
|
|-
|223
|
|As-Saydaq
|الصيدق
|al-Saydaq
|al-Ṣaydaq
|asˤ.sˤaj.daq
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|224
|
|The Leader
|القائد
|al-Qā'id
|al-Qāʾid
|al.qaː.ʔid
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|225
|
|The Rear Spear Tassel
|عذبة الرمح الثانية
|'Adhabat al-Rumh al-Thaniyah
|ʿAḏabat al-Rumḥ al-Ṯaniyah
|ʕaða.ba.tur.rumħiθ.θaː.ni.jah
|2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|226
|
|Flag Of The High One
|راية السماك
|Rayat al-Simāk
|Rayat al-Simāk
|raː.ja.tus.si.maːk
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|228
|
|The High One With The Spear
|السماك الرامح
|al-Simāk al-Rāmih
|al-Simāk al-Rāmih
|as.si.maːkur.raː.miħ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|229
|
|The Watcher
|الرقيب
|al-Raqīb
|al-Raqīb
|ar.ra.qiːb
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|231
|
|The Front Spear Tassel
|عذبة الرمح الأولى
|'Adhabat al-Rumh al-'Ūlā
|ʿAḏabat al-Rumḥ al-ʾŪlā
|ʕaða.ba.tur.rumħil.ʔuː.laː
|2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|233
|
|The Two Calves
|الفرقدان
|al-Farqadān
|al-Farqadān
|ʔal.far.qa.daːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|235
|
|The Male Hyena
|الذِّيْخ
|al-Dhīkh
|al-Ḏīḫ
|ʔaððːiːχ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|236
|
|The Bright Star Of Al-Fakkah
|منير الفكة
|Munīr al-Fakkah
|Munīr al-Fakkah
|mu.niː.rul.fak.kah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|237
|
|Veins Of The Heart
|النياط
|al-Niyat
|al-Niyaṭ
|an.ni.jaːtˤ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|242
|
|Tail Segments Of The Scorpion
|الفقرات
|al-Fiqarāt
|al-Fiqarāt
|al.fi.qa.raːt
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|245
|
|The Trotting Camel
|الراقص
|al-Raqis
|al-Raqiṣ
|ar.raː.qis
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|247
|
|The Two Black Birds
|العوهقان
|al-'Awhaqān
|al-ʿAwhaqān
|ʔal.ʕaw.haq.aːn
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|248
|
|The Two Falcons
|الحران
|al-Hurran
|al-Ḥurran
|ʔal.ħu.rraːn
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|250
|
|First Dog Of The [Southern] Shepherd
|كلب الراعي الجنوبي الأول
|Kalb al-Rā'ī al-Janūbī al-awwal
|Kalb al-Rāʿī al-Ǧanūbī al-awwal
|kalbur.raː.ʕil.dʒa.nuː.biːl.ʔaw.wal
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|251
|
|The [Southern] Shepherd
|الراعي الجنوبي
|al-Rā'ī al-Janūbī
|al-Rāʿī al-Ǧanūbī
|ar.raː.ʕil.dʒa.nuː.biː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|254
|
|Second Dog Of The [Southern] Shepherd
|كلب الراعي الجنوبي الثاني
|Kalb al-Rā'ī al-Janūbī al-thānī
|Kalb al-Rāʿī al-Ǧanūbī al-ṯānī
|kalbur.raː.ʕil.dʒa.nuː.biːθ.θaː.niː
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|255
|
|The Baby Camel
|الربع
|al-Ruba'
|al-Rubaʿ
|ar.rubaʕ
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|257
|
|The Follower
|التابع
|al-Tabi'
|al-Tabiʿ
|at.taː.biʕ
|11
|
|
|
|
|-
|258
|
|The Landing Eagle Claws
|أظفار النسر الواقع
|Azhfār al-Nasr al-Wāqi'
|Aẓfār al-Nasr al-Wāqiʿ
|ʔaðˤ.faː.run.nas.ril.waː.qiʕ
|1; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|266
|
|The Sheep
|الشاة
|al-Shat
|al-Šat
|ʔaʃʃaː.t
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|269
|
|The Post Of The Cross
|عمود الصليب
|'Amūd al-Salīb
|ʿAmūd al-Ṣalīb
|ʕa.muːdusˤ.sˤa.liːb
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|271
|
|The Rear Knight
|الردف
|al-Ridf
|al-Ridf
|ar.ridf
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|274
|
|The Two Stars Of Separation
|كوكبا الفرق
|Kawkabā al-Farq
|Kawkabā al-Farq
|kaw.ka.baːl.farq
|2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|277
|
|The White One
|الأبيض
|al-Abyad
|al-Abyaḍ
|al.ʔabjɑdˤ
|1; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|279
|
|The Horse Forehead Star
|القرحة
|al-Qurhah
|al-Qurḥah
|al.qur.ħah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|284
|
|The Upper Cross Beam
|العرقوة العليا
|al-'Arquwah al-'Ulyā
|al-ʿArquwah al-ʿUlyā
|al.ʕur.quwa.tu l.ʕul.jaː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|285
|
|The [Northern] Shepherd Dog
|كلب الراعي الشمالي
|Kalb al-Rā'ī al-Shamālī
|Kalb al-Rāʿī al-Šamālī
|kal.bur.raː.ʕi ʃ.ʃa.maː.liː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|286
|
|The [Northern] Shepherd
|الراعي الشمالي
|al-Rā'ī al-Shamālī
|al-Rāʿī al-Šamālī
|ar.raː.ʕi ʃ.ʃa.maː.liː
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|287
|
|The Lion's Nostrils
|النثرة
|al-Nathrah
|al-Naṯrah
|ʔan.naθ.rah
|1; 2; 3; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|289
|
|The Scorpion's Poison
|الحمة
|al-Humah
|al-Ḥumah
|al.ħu.mah
|1; 2; 3
|
|
|
|
|-
|291
|
|The She-Camel's Brand
|وسم الناقة
|Wasm al-Naqah
|Wasm al-Naqah
|was.mun.naː.qah
|1; 2; 4
|
|
|
|
|-
|294
|
|The Shining One
|المشتري
|al-Mushtarī
|al-Muštarī
|ʔal.muʃ.ta.riː
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|295
|
|The Fire Starter
|المريخ
|al-Mirrīkh
|al-Mirrīḫ
|ʔal.mir.riːx
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|296
|
|The Unstable
|عطارد
|'Utarid
|ʿUṭarid
|ʕu.tˤaː.rid
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|297
|
|The Strongly White
|القمر
|al-Qamar
|al-Qamar
|ʔal.qamar
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|298
|
|The Remote one
|زحل
|Zuhal
|Zuḥal
|zu.ħal
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|299
|
|Ush-Shams
|الشمس
|al-Shams
|al-Šams
|ʔa.ʃʃams
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|300
|
|The Beautiful Bright One
|الزهرة
|al-Zuharah
|al-Zuharah
|ʔaz.zuha.rah
|2
|
|
|
|
|}

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-12T17:17:52Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish
|Alkhiba alshamai
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as mentioned by ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 62)<ref name="qutayba"/>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic, description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic, description of Hydra
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''

Original Arabic (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani extended.png|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī as described by Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845 AD). (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|...
|
|}

====== Stars Identification ======
As evident from the historical descriptions ''al-Ḫibāʾ, also named al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī, ʿajuz al-asad,ʿarš al‑Simāk, and al-Ağmal'' is an asterism of the quadrilateral γ, ε, β, δ Crv.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stars of the asterism !! Proper names of the stars
|-
| γ Crv || [[Gienah]]
|-
| ε Crv ||
|-
| β Crv || [[Kraz]]
|-
| δ Crv || [[Algorab]]
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/> mentioned al-Ḫibāʾ (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).

131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>, Schjellerup<ref name="Schjellerup"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
Ibn Qutayba ad-Dīnawarī, abū Muḥammad ʿabd Allah b. Muslim. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''Kitābu'l-Anwāʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - India 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
Abūl-ḥusayn ʿabdur-Raḥmān aṣ-Ṣūfī. d. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''Ṣuwaru'l-Kawākib'', The Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - Deccan - India, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
<ref name="Schjellerup">Ṣūfī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar, 903-986. ''Description Des étoiles Fixes''. traduction littérale avec des notes par H. C. F. C Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de lÁcadémie Impériale des sciences, 1874.</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-12T17:00:24Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Added images of circular star patterns near Arabic Ḫibāʾ tents.

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)''' (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

The complete text describing the Northern Tent (al-Khibā' al-Shaāmī) on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:

;Original Arabic

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

Ibn Qutayba says:

“Al-Khibāʾ is below (Arabic: asfal) al-Ḥawḍ; stars arranged in a formation resembling the Southern tent.”

There are no prominent stars in the vicinity of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa) that match the form of the Southern tent (γ, ε, β, δ Crv), except for the stars of the Square of Banāt Naʿsh (α, β, γ, δ UMa). These stars, however, are extremely well known, and if they had been called al-Ḫibāʾ, Ibn Qutaybah would have mentioned that. Therefore, it is necessary to examine what Ibn Qutaybah meant by his expression “below/ Arabic: asfal.” He uses this description more than ten times, for example:

* al-Kaff al-Jadhmāʾ (λ, α, γ, δ, ξ², μ Cet), which is below al-Sharaṭayn (α, β Ari) (p. 32)
* “Kursī al-Jawzāʾ,” four stars forming an irregular quadrilateral (α, β, δ, γ Lep), below al-Jawzāʾ (p. 48)
* “al-Qubbah” (Corona Australis), which is below the Šawlat al-ʿaqrab (λ Sco) (p. 73)

All these examples consistently indicate that “below” means beneath at the rising of these stars. Accordingly, al-Ḫibāʾ is below al-Ḥawḍ, which is only satisfied by the Square of Banāt Naʿsh. As for the other stars that lie below al-Ḥawḍ at its culmination or setting, they are faint—below fourth magnitude—except for δ Aur.

As for al-Ṣūfī’s description of al-Ḫibāʾ, it is likely that he attempted to reconcile Ibn Qutaybah’s account with the actual appearance of the stars in the sky. Not finding a pattern similar to the Southern tent, he instead placed al-Ḫibāʾ as a region in the area of the constellations Camelopardalis and Lynx.

This suggests that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, transmitted a text in which an error occurred, substituting the word “al-Ḍibāʿ” (the hyenas) with “al-Ẓibāʾ” (the gazelles). Perhaps the description originally referred to a circular group of stars—intended to denote al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis)—which Ibn Qutayba then interpreted as al-Ḥawḍ. This is supported by al-Marzūqī’s version, which aligns with the actual sky. He transmitted the statement of Ibn al-Aʿrābī, who died about half a century before Ibn Qutayba:

“Ibn al-Aʿrābī said: Below Banāt Naʿsh are many mingled stars called al-Ḍibāʿ. The ‘young of the hyenas’ are small stars to the right of al-Ḍibāʿ, between them and Banāt Naʿsh. He said: al-Ḫibāʾ consists of stars arranged in the form of a tent, below the ‘young of the hyenas.’”

The position of this al-Ḫibāʾ (ζ, ε, π, η Her) lies beneath the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis).

It is a notable coincidence that the al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (γ, ε, β, δ Crv) lies near a circular group of stars—the circular stars of al-Maʿlaf (θ, ε, δ, γ, ζ, η Crt); that the al-Ḫibāʾ described by al-Marzūqī lies near the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis); and that the al-Ḫibāʾ mentioned by Ibn Qutayba lies near the circular stars of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa).

<gallery widths="240" heights="240">
File:AlKhiba alyamani plus crater.png|Al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī near the the circular star pattern of al-Maʿlaf (Crater).
File:Alkhiba alshami plus CrB.png|Al-Ḫibāʾ al-Šāmī near the circular star pattern al-Fakka (Corona Borealis).
File:Qutayba plus alHawd.png|The circular star pattern al-Ḥawḍ (head of the Big Bear) below which ibn Qutayba describes a Ḫibāʾ (tent).
</gallery>

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/> based on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler" />.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

=====H. C. F. C. Schjellerup=====
In his translation of al-Ṣūfī book, Schjellerup commented on Ideler identificayion. He wrote footnote (1), (p.93)<ref name="Schjellerup"/>:
;Original French 

1) Kazvini, en faisant son extrait de Sufi, écrit par inattention في وسط الصورة au milieu de la figure, ce qui a trompé Ideler p. 90, où il identifie al-chibâ avec les trois étoiles: λ, μ et σ Aurigae. Selon l'explication que nous fournit le texte, on ne peut adopter l'opinion d'Ideler; al-chibâ sans doute se compose de det & Aurigae avec Fl. 9 et 10 Camelopardi et d'autres étoiles de la dernière constellation.

;English translation
1) Kazvini [al-Qazwīnī], in making his extract from Sufi, inadvertently wrote في وسط الصورة in the middle of the figure, which misled Ideler p. 90, where he identifies al-chibâ with the three stars: λ, μ and o Aurigae. According to the explanation provided by the text, Ideler's opinion cannot be adopted; al-chiba undoubtedly consists of δ and ξ Aurigae with Fl. 9 and 10 Camelopardi and other stars of the latter constellation.

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Khalid al-Ajaji=====
Looking at the three descriptions of ''al-Ḫibāʾ'', it seems that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, based their accounts on a text transmission in which an error occurred. Only al-Marzūqī gives a description that is consistent with the actual star arrangement in the sky. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd (α Oph) with his two dogs (α1 Her and β Oph) and goats in the middle of a desert pasture (parts of Hercules and Ophiuchus). This leads to the stars identification (ζ, ε, π, η Her) for ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>, Schjellerup<ref name="Schjellerup"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
Ibn Qutayba ad-Dīnawarī, abū Muḥammad ʿabd Allah b. Muslim. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''Kitābu'l-Anwāʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - India 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
Abūl-ḥusayn ʿabdur-Raḥmān aṣ-Ṣūfī. d. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''Ṣuwaru'l-Kawākib'', The Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - Deccan - India, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
<ref name="Schjellerup">Ṣūfī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar, 903-986. ''Description Des étoiles Fixes''. traduction littérale avec des notes par H. C. F. C Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de lÁcadémie Impériale des sciences, 1874.</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-12T16:53:57Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Adde image

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)''' (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

The complete text describing the Northern Tent (al-Khibā' al-Shaāmī) on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:

;Original Arabic

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

Ibn Qutayba says:

“Al-Khibāʾ is below (Arabic: asfal) al-Ḥawḍ; stars arranged in a formation resembling the Southern tent.”

There are no prominent stars in the vicinity of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa) that match the form of the Southern tent (γ, ε, β, δ Crv), except for the stars of the Square of Banāt Naʿsh (α, β, γ, δ UMa). These stars, however, are extremely well known, and if they had been called al-Ḫibāʾ, Ibn Qutaybah would have mentioned that. Therefore, it is necessary to examine what Ibn Qutaybah meant by his expression “below/ Arabic: asfal.” He uses this description more than ten times, for example:

* al-Kaff al-Jadhmāʾ (λ, α, γ, δ, ξ², μ Cet), which is below al-Sharaṭayn (α, β Ari) (p. 32)
* “Kursī al-Jawzāʾ,” four stars forming an irregular quadrilateral (α, β, δ, γ Lep), below al-Jawzāʾ (p. 48)
* “al-Qubbah” (Corona Australis), which is below the Šawlat al-ʿaqrab (λ Sco) (p. 73)

All these examples consistently indicate that “below” means beneath at the rising of these stars. Accordingly, al-Ḫibāʾ is below al-Ḥawḍ, which is only satisfied by the Square of Banāt Naʿsh. As for the other stars that lie below al-Ḥawḍ at its culmination or setting, they are faint—below fourth magnitude—except for δ Aur.

As for al-Ṣūfī’s description of al-Ḫibāʾ, it is likely that he attempted to reconcile Ibn Qutaybah’s account with the actual appearance of the stars in the sky. Not finding a pattern similar to the Southern tent, he instead placed al-Ḫibāʾ as a region in the area of the constellations Camelopardalis and Lynx.

This suggests that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, transmitted a text in which an error occurred, substituting the word “al-Ḍibāʿ” (the hyenas) with “al-Ẓibāʾ” (the gazelles). Perhaps the description originally referred to a circular group of stars—intended to denote al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis)—which Ibn Qutayba then interpreted as al-Ḥawḍ. This is supported by al-Marzūqī’s version, which aligns with the actual sky. He transmitted the statement of Ibn al-Aʿrābī, who died about half a century before Ibn Qutayba:

“Ibn al-Aʿrābī said: Below Banāt Naʿsh are many mingled stars called al-Ḍibāʿ. The ‘young of the hyenas’ are small stars to the right of al-Ḍibāʿ, between them and Banāt Naʿsh. He said: al-Ḫibāʾ consists of stars arranged in the form of a tent, below the ‘young of the hyenas.’”

The position of this al-Ḫibāʾ (ζ, ε, π, η Her) lies beneath the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis).

It is a notable coincidence that the al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (γ, ε, β, δ Crv) lies near a circular group of stars—the circular stars of al-Maʿlaf (θ, ε, δ, γ, ζ, η Crt); that the al-Ḫibāʾ described by al-Marzūqī lies near the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis); and that the al-Ḫibāʾ mentioned by Ibn Qutayba lies near the circular stars of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa).

<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:AlKhiba alyamani plus crater.png|Al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī near the the circular star pattern of al-Maʿlaf (Crater).
</gallery>

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/> based on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler" />.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

=====H. C. F. C. Schjellerup=====
In his translation of al-Ṣūfī book, Schjellerup commented on Ideler identificayion. He wrote footnote (1), (p.93)<ref name="Schjellerup"/>:
;Original French 

1) Kazvini, en faisant son extrait de Sufi, écrit par inattention في وسط الصورة au milieu de la figure, ce qui a trompé Ideler p. 90, où il identifie al-chibâ avec les trois étoiles: λ, μ et σ Aurigae. Selon l'explication que nous fournit le texte, on ne peut adopter l'opinion d'Ideler; al-chibâ sans doute se compose de det & Aurigae avec Fl. 9 et 10 Camelopardi et d'autres étoiles de la dernière constellation.

;English translation
1) Kazvini [al-Qazwīnī], in making his extract from Sufi, inadvertently wrote في وسط الصورة in the middle of the figure, which misled Ideler p. 90, where he identifies al-chibâ with the three stars: λ, μ and o Aurigae. According to the explanation provided by the text, Ideler's opinion cannot be adopted; al-chiba undoubtedly consists of δ and ξ Aurigae with Fl. 9 and 10 Camelopardi and other stars of the latter constellation.

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Khalid al-Ajaji=====
Looking at the three descriptions of ''al-Ḫibāʾ'', it seems that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, based their accounts on a text transmission in which an error occurred. Only al-Marzūqī gives a description that is consistent with the actual star arrangement in the sky. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd (α Oph) with his two dogs (α1 Her and β Oph) and goats in the middle of a desert pasture (parts of Hercules and Ophiuchus). This leads to the stars identification (ζ, ε, π, η Her) for ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>, Schjellerup<ref name="Schjellerup"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
Ibn Qutayba ad-Dīnawarī, abū Muḥammad ʿabd Allah b. Muslim. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''Kitābu'l-Anwāʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - India 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
Abūl-ḥusayn ʿabdur-Raḥmān aṣ-Ṣūfī. d. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''Ṣuwaru'l-Kawākib'', The Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - Deccan - India, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
<ref name="Schjellerup">Ṣūfī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar, 903-986. ''Description Des étoiles Fixes''. traduction littérale avec des notes par H. C. F. C Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de lÁcadémie Impériale des sciences, 1874.</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-12T15:53:59Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)''' (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

The complete text describing the Northern Tent (al-Khibā' al-Shaāmī) on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:

;Original Arabic

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

Ibn Qutayba says:

“Al-Khibāʾ is below (Arabic: asfal) al-Ḥawḍ; stars arranged in a formation resembling the Southern tent.”

There are no prominent stars in the vicinity of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa) that match the form of the Southern tent (γ, ε, β, δ Crv), except for the stars of the Square of Banāt Naʿsh (α, β, γ, δ UMa). These stars, however, are extremely well known, and if they had been called al-Ḫibāʾ, Ibn Qutaybah would have mentioned that. Therefore, it is necessary to examine what Ibn Qutaybah meant by his expression “below/ Arabic: asfal.” He uses this description more than ten times, for example:

* al-Kaff al-Jadhmāʾ (λ, α, γ, δ, ξ², μ Cet), which is below al-Sharaṭayn (α, β Ari) (p. 32)
* “Kursī al-Jawzāʾ,” four stars forming an irregular quadrilateral (α, β, δ, γ Lep), below al-Jawzāʾ (p. 48)
* “al-Qubbah” (Corona Australis), which is below the Šawlat al-ʿaqrab (λ Sco) (p. 73)

All these examples consistently indicate that “below” means beneath at the rising of these stars. Accordingly, al-Ḫibāʾ is below al-Ḥawḍ, which is only satisfied by the Square of Banāt Naʿsh. As for the other stars that lie below al-Ḥawḍ at its culmination or setting, they are faint—below fourth magnitude—except for δ Aur.

As for al-Ṣūfī’s description of al-Ḫibāʾ, it is likely that he attempted to reconcile Ibn Qutaybah’s account with the actual appearance of the stars in the sky. Not finding a pattern similar to the Southern tent, he instead placed al-Ḫibāʾ as a region in the area of the constellations Camelopardalis and Lynx.

This suggests that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, transmitted a text in which an error occurred, substituting the word “al-Ḍibāʿ” (the hyenas) with “al-Ẓibāʾ” (the gazelles). Perhaps the description originally referred to a circular group of stars—intended to denote al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis)—which Ibn Qutayba then interpreted as al-Ḥawḍ. This is supported by al-Marzūqī’s version, which aligns with the actual sky. He transmitted the statement of Ibn al-Aʿrābī, who died about half a century before Ibn Qutayba:

“Ibn al-Aʿrābī said: Below Banāt Naʿsh are many mingled stars called al-Ḍibāʿ. The ‘young of the hyenas’ are small stars to the right of al-Ḍibāʿ, between them and Banāt Naʿsh. He said: al-Ḫibāʾ consists of stars arranged in the form of a tent, below the ‘young of the hyenas.’”

The position of this al-Ḫibāʾ (ζ, ε, π, η Her) lies beneath the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis).

It is a notable coincidence that the al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (γ, ε, β, δ Crv) lies near a circular group of stars—the circular stars of al-Maʿlaf (θ, ε, δ, γ, ζ, η Crt); that the al-Ḫibāʾ described by al-Marzūqī lies near the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis); and that the al-Ḫibāʾ mentioned by Ibn Qutayba lies near the circular stars of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa).

<gallery>
Example.jpg|Caption1
Example.jpg|Caption2
</gallery>

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/> based on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler" />.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

=====H. C. F. C. Schjellerup=====
In his translation of al-Ṣūfī book, Schjellerup commented on Ideler identificayion. He wrote footnote (1), (p.93)<ref name="Schjellerup"/>:
;Original French 

1) Kazvini, en faisant son extrait de Sufi, écrit par inattention في وسط الصورة au milieu de la figure, ce qui a trompé Ideler p. 90, où il identifie al-chibâ avec les trois étoiles: λ, μ et σ Aurigae. Selon l'explication que nous fournit le texte, on ne peut adopter l'opinion d'Ideler; al-chibâ sans doute se compose de det & Aurigae avec Fl. 9 et 10 Camelopardi et d'autres étoiles de la dernière constellation.

;English translation
1) Kazvini [al-Qazwīnī], in making his extract from Sufi, inadvertently wrote في وسط الصورة in the middle of the figure, which misled Ideler p. 90, where he identifies al-chibâ with the three stars: λ, μ and o Aurigae. According to the explanation provided by the text, Ideler's opinion cannot be adopted; al-chiba undoubtedly consists of δ and ξ Aurigae with Fl. 9 and 10 Camelopardi and other stars of the latter constellation.

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Khalid al-Ajaji=====
Looking at the three descriptions of ''al-Ḫibāʾ'', it seems that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, based their accounts on a text transmission in which an error occurred. Only al-Marzūqī gives a description that is consistent with the actual star arrangement in the sky. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd (α Oph) with his two dogs (α1 Her and β Oph) and goats in the middle of a desert pasture (parts of Hercules and Ophiuchus). This leads to the stars identification (ζ, ε, π, η Her) for ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>, Schjellerup<ref name="Schjellerup"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
Ibn Qutayba ad-Dīnawarī, abū Muḥammad ʿabd Allah b. Muslim. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''Kitābu'l-Anwāʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - India 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
Abūl-ḥusayn ʿabdur-Raḥmān aṣ-Ṣūfī. d. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''Ṣuwaru'l-Kawākib'', The Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - Deccan - India, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
<ref name="Schjellerup">Ṣūfī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar, 903-986. ''Description Des étoiles Fixes''. traduction littérale avec des notes par H. C. F. C Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de lÁcadémie Impériale des sciences, 1874.</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

File:AlKhiba alyamani plus crater.png

2026-06-12T15:53:27Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

Al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī near the circular pattern of Crater

File:Alkhiba alshami plus CrB.png

2026-06-12T15:51:43Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

Al-Ḫibāʾ al-Šāmī near Corona Borealis

File:Qutayba plus alHawd.png

2026-06-12T15:50:10Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

Ibn Qutayba describes al-Ḫibāʾ below al-Ḥawḍ

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-12T13:39:54Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)''' (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

The complete text describing the Northern Tent (al-Khibā' al-Shaāmī) on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:

;Original Arabic

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

Ibn Qutayba says:

“Al-Khibāʾ is below (Arabic: asfal) al-Ḥawḍ; stars arranged in a formation resembling the Southern tent.”

There are no prominent stars in the vicinity of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa) that match the form of the Southern tent (γ, ε, β, δ Crv), except for the stars of the Square of Banāt Naʿsh (α, β, γ, δ UMa). These stars, however, are extremely well known, and if they had been called al-Ḫibāʾ, Ibn Qutaybah would have mentioned that. Therefore, it is necessary to examine what Ibn Qutaybah meant by his expression “below/ Arabic: asfal.” He uses this description more than ten times, for example:

* al-Kaff al-Jadhmāʾ (λ, α, γ, δ, ξ², μ Cet), which is below al-Sharaṭayn (α, β Ari) (p. 32)
* “Kursī al-Jawzāʾ,” four stars forming an irregular quadrilateral (α, β, δ, γ Lep), below al-Jawzāʾ (p. 48)
* “al-Qubbah” (Corona Australis), which is below the Šawlat al-ʿaqrab (λ Sco) (p. 73)

All these examples consistently indicate that “below” means beneath at the rising of these stars. Accordingly, al-Ḫibāʾ is below al-Ḥawḍ, which is only satisfied by the Square of Banāt Naʿsh. As for the other stars that lie below al-Ḥawḍ at its culmination or setting, they are faint—below fourth magnitude—except for δ Aur.

As for al-Ṣūfī’s description of al-Ḫibāʾ, it is likely that he attempted to reconcile Ibn Qutaybah’s account with the actual appearance of the stars in the sky. Not finding a pattern similar to the Southern tent, he instead placed al-Ḫibāʾ as a region in the area of the constellations Camelopardalis and Lynx.

This suggests that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, transmitted a text in which an error occurred, substituting the word “al-Ḍibāʿ” (the hyenas) with “al-Ẓibāʾ” (the gazelles). Perhaps the description originally referred to a circular group of stars—intended to denote al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis)—which Ibn Qutayba then interpreted as al-Ḥawḍ. This is supported by al-Marzūqī’s version, which aligns with the actual sky. He transmitted the statement of Ibn al-Aʿrābī, who died about half a century before Ibn Qutayba:

“Ibn al-Aʿrābī said: Below Banāt Naʿsh are many mingled stars called al-Ḍibāʿ. The ‘young of the hyenas’ are small stars to the right of al-Ḍibāʿ, between them and Banāt Naʿsh. He said: al-Ḫibāʾ consists of stars arranged in the form of a tent, below the ‘young of the hyenas.’”

The position of this al-Ḫibāʾ (ζ, ε, π, η Her) lies beneath the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis).

It is a notable coincidence that the al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (γ, ε, β, δ Crv) lies near a circular group of stars—the circular stars of al-Maʿlaf (θ, ε, δ, γ, ζ, η Crt); that the al-Ḫibāʾ described by al-Marzūqī lies near the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis); and that the al-Ḫibāʾ mentioned by Ibn Qutayba lies near the circular stars of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa).

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/> based on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler" />.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

=====H. C. F. C. Schjellerup=====
In his translation of al-Ṣūfī book, Schjellerup commented on Ideler identificayion. He wrote footnote (1), (p.93)<ref name="Schjellerup"/>:
;Original French 

1) Kazvini, en faisant son extrait de Sufi, écrit par inattention في وسط الصورة au milieu de la figure, ce qui a trompé Ideler p. 90, où il identifie al-chibâ avec les trois étoiles: λ, μ et σ Aurigae. Selon l'explication que nous fournit le texte, on ne peut adopter l'opinion d'Ideler; al-chibâ sans doute se compose de det & Aurigae avec Fl. 9 et 10 Camelopardi et d'autres étoiles de la dernière constellation.

;English translation
1) Kazvini [al-Qazwīnī], in making his extract from Sufi, inadvertently wrote في وسط الصورة in the middle of the figure, which misled Ideler p. 90, where he identifies al-chibâ with the three stars: λ, μ and o Aurigae. According to the explanation provided by the text, Ideler's opinion cannot be adopted; al-chiba undoubtedly consists of δ and ξ Aurigae with Fl. 9 and 10 Camelopardi and other stars of the latter constellation.

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>, Schjellerup<ref name="Schjellerup"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
Ibn Qutayba ad-Dīnawarī, abū Muḥammad ʿabd Allah b. Muslim. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''Kitābu'l-Anwāʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - India 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
Abūl-ḥusayn ʿabdur-Raḥmān aṣ-Ṣūfī. d. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''Ṣuwaru'l-Kawākib'', The Dairatu'l-Maʿarifi'l-Osmania, Hyderabad - Deccan - India, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
<ref name="Schjellerup">Ṣūfī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar, 903-986. ''Description Des étoiles Fixes''. traduction littérale avec des notes par H. C. F. C Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de lÁcadémie Impériale des sciences, 1874.</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-12T12:42:00Z

KhalidAlAjaji: added Schjellerup identifications

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)''' (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

The complete text describing the Northern Tent (al-Khibā' al-Shaāmī) on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:

;Original Arabic

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

Ibn Qutayba says:

“Al-Khibāʾ is below (Arabic: asfal) al-Ḥawḍ; stars arranged in a formation resembling the Southern tent.”

There are no prominent stars in the vicinity of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa) that match the form of the Southern tent (γ, ε, β, δ Crv), except for the stars of the Square of Banāt Naʿsh (α, β, γ, δ UMa). These stars, however, are extremely well known, and if they had been called al-Ḫibāʾ, Ibn Qutaybah would have mentioned that. Therefore, it is necessary to examine what Ibn Qutaybah meant by his expression “below/ Arabic: asfal.” He uses this description more than ten times, for example:

* al-Kaff al-Jadhmāʾ (λ, α, γ, δ, ξ², μ Cet), which is below al-Sharaṭayn (α, β Ari) (p. 32)
* “Kursī al-Jawzāʾ,” four stars forming an irregular quadrilateral (α, β, δ, γ Lep), below al-Jawzāʾ (p. 48)
* “al-Qubbah” (Corona Australis), which is below the Šawlat al-ʿaqrab (λ Sco) (p. 73)

All these examples consistently indicate that “below” means beneath at the rising of these stars. Accordingly, al-Ḫibāʾ is below al-Ḥawḍ, which is only satisfied by the Square of Banāt Naʿsh. As for the other stars that lie below al-Ḥawḍ at its culmination or setting, they are faint—below fourth magnitude—except for δ Aur.

As for al-Ṣūfī’s description of al-Ḫibāʾ, it is likely that he attempted to reconcile Ibn Qutaybah’s account with the actual appearance of the stars in the sky. Not finding a pattern similar to the Southern tent, he instead placed al-Ḫibāʾ as a region in the area of the constellations Camelopardalis and Lynx.

This suggests that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, transmitted a text in which an error occurred, substituting the word “al-Ḍibāʿ” (the hyenas) with “al-Ẓibāʾ” (the gazelles). Perhaps the description originally referred to a circular group of stars—intended to denote al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis)—which Ibn Qutayba then interpreted as al-Ḥawḍ. This is supported by al-Marzūqī’s version, which aligns with the actual sky. He transmitted the statement of Ibn al-Aʿrābī, who died about half a century before Ibn Qutayba:

“Ibn al-Aʿrābī said: Below Banāt Naʿsh are many mingled stars called al-Ḍibāʿ. The ‘young of the hyenas’ are small stars to the right of al-Ḍibāʿ, between them and Banāt Naʿsh. He said: al-Ḫibāʾ consists of stars arranged in the form of a tent, below the ‘young of the hyenas.’”

The position of this al-Ḫibāʾ (ζ, ε, π, η Her) lies beneath the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis).

It is a notable coincidence that the al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (γ, ε, β, δ Crv) lies near a circular group of stars—the circular stars of al-Maʿlaf (θ, ε, δ, γ, ζ, η Crt); that the al-Ḫibāʾ described by al-Marzūqī lies near the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis); and that the al-Ḫibāʾ mentioned by Ibn Qutayba lies near the circular stars of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa).

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/> based on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler" />.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

=====H. C. F. C. Schjellerup=====
In his translation of al-Ṣūfī book, Schjellerup commented on Ideler identificayion. He wrote footnote (1), (p.93)<ref name="Schjellerup"/>:
;Original French 

1) Kazvini, en faisant son extrait de Sufi, écrit par inattention في وسط الصورة au milieu de la figure, ce qui a trompé Ideler p. 90, où il identifie al-chibâ avec les trois étoiles: λ, μ et σ Aurigae. Selon l'explication que nous fournit le texte, on ne peut adopter l'opinion d'Ideler; al-chibâ sans doute se compose de det & Aurigae avec Fl. 9 et 10 Camelopardi et d'autres étoiles de la dernière constellation.

;English translation
1) Kazvini [al-Qazwīnī], in making his extract from Sufi, inadvertently wrote في وسط الصورة in the middle of the figure, which misled Ideler p. 90, where he identifies al-chibâ with the three stars: λ, μ and o Aurigae. According to the explanation provided by the text, Ideler's opinion cannot be adopted; al-chiba undoubtedly consists of δ and ξ Aurigae with Fl. 9 and 10 Camelopardi and other stars of the latter constellation.

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>, Schjellerup<ref name="Schjellerup"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
<ref name="Schjellerup">Ṣūfī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar, 903-986. Description Des étoiles Fixes. traduction littérale avec des notes par H. C. F. C Schjellerup. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionnaires de lÁcadémie Impériale des sciences, 1874.</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-12T05:30:24Z

KhalidAlAjaji: /* Discussion */ added analysus of ibn Qutayba account

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)''' (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

The complete text describing the Northern Tent (al-Khibā' al-Shaāmī) on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:

;Original Arabic

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

Ibn Qutayba says:

“Al-Khibāʾ is below (Arabic: asfal) al-Ḥawḍ; stars arranged in a formation resembling the Southern tent.”

There are no prominent stars in the vicinity of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa) that match the form of the Southern tent (γ, ε, β, δ Crv), except for the stars of the Square of Banāt Naʿsh (α, β, γ, δ UMa). These stars, however, are extremely well known, and if they had been called al-Ḫibāʾ, Ibn Qutaybah would have mentioned that. Therefore, it is necessary to examine what Ibn Qutaybah meant by his expression “below/ Arabic: asfal.” He uses this description more than ten times, for example:

* al-Kaff al-Jadhmāʾ (λ, α, γ, δ, ξ², μ Cet), which is below al-Sharaṭayn (α, β Ari) (p. 32)
* “Kursī al-Jawzāʾ,” four stars forming an irregular quadrilateral (α, β, δ, γ Lep), below al-Jawzāʾ (p. 48)
* “al-Qubbah” (Corona Australis), which is below the Šawlat al-ʿaqrab (λ Sco) (p. 73)

All these examples consistently indicate that “below” means beneath at the rising of these stars. Accordingly, al-Ḫibāʾ is below al-Ḥawḍ, which is only satisfied by the Square of Banāt Naʿsh. As for the other stars that lie below al-Ḥawḍ at its culmination or setting, they are faint—below fourth magnitude—except for δ Aur.

As for al-Ṣūfī’s description of al-Ḫibāʾ, it is likely that he attempted to reconcile Ibn Qutaybah’s account with the actual appearance of the stars in the sky. Not finding a pattern similar to the Southern tent, he instead placed al-Ḫibāʾ as a region in the area of the constellations Camelopardalis and Lynx.

This suggests that Ibn Qutayba, followed by al-Ṣūfī, transmitted a text in which an error occurred, substituting the word “al-Ḍibāʿ” (the hyenas) with “al-Ẓibāʾ” (the gazelles). Perhaps the description originally referred to a circular group of stars—intended to denote al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis)—which Ibn Qutayba then interpreted as al-Ḥawḍ. This is supported by al-Marzūqī’s version, which aligns with the actual sky. He transmitted the statement of Ibn al-Aʿrābī, who died about half a century before Ibn Qutayba:

“Ibn al-Aʿrābī said: Below Banāt Naʿsh are many mingled stars called al-Ḍibāʿ. The ‘young of the hyenas’ are small stars to the right of al-Ḍibāʿ, between them and Banāt Naʿsh. He said: al-Ḫibāʾ consists of stars arranged in the form of a tent, below the ‘young of the hyenas.’”

The position of this al-Ḫibāʾ (ζ, ε, π, η Her) lies beneath the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis).

It is a notable coincidence that the al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (γ, ε, β, δ Crv) lies near a circular group of stars—the circular stars of al-Maʿlaf (θ, ε, δ, γ, ζ, η Crt); that the al-Ḫibāʾ described by al-Marzūqī lies near the circular stars of al-Fakkah (Corona Borealis); and that the al-Ḫibāʾ mentioned by Ibn Qutayba lies near the circular stars of al-Ḥawḍ (υ, φ, θ, e, f UMa).

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/> based on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler" />.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-12T03:22:05Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)''' (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

The complete text describing the Northern Tent (al-Khibā' al-Shaāmī) on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:

;Original Arabic

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/> based on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler" />.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-12T03:17:33Z

KhalidAlAjaji: added info about ibn al-Arabi

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)''' (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

The complete text describing the Northern Tent (al-Khibā' al-Shaāmī) on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:

;Original Arabic

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/>.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-10T23:56:15Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said (description of Aquarius)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>:

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''

Original Arabic (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/>.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-10T23:54:55Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said, description of Aquarius:<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic (p. 67)<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic (description of Auriga)

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''

Original Arabic (vol 2, p. 345)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae (p. 90)<ref name="ideler"/>.

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text (p. 383)<ref name="ideler"/>, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-10T23:33:29Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said, description of Aquarius:<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 67<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic, description of Auriga

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref name="marzuqi"/>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

=====Kunitzsch=====

Professor Kunitzsch discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, but didn't provide stars identification.

;Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

;English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.

=====Ideler=====

Ideler identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae.<ref name="ideler"/> p. 90

;German text 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

;Discussion of Ideler identification 
Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text<ref name="ideler"/> p. 383, which reads: 
;Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا

;English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.

...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-10T23:12:28Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Ideler al-Ḫibāʾ identification

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-shaāmī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي)}}

{{distinguish
|al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian ''ḫibāʾtent''. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
[[File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png|thumb|Star chart of the Arabian asterism ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabic name for a region or an asterism of four stars in the northern sky forming a quadrilateral shape.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The name appeared in historical resources as al-Ḫibāʾ (Arabic: الخباء, the Tent) without any specifier, but to avoid confusion with the Corvus asterism also known as ''[[al‑Ḫibāʾ|al‑Ḫibāʾ<nowiki/>]]'' and the star α Crv named ''[[Alchiba]]'', this encyclopedia refers to the Hercules asterism as ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (Arabic: الخباء الشآمي, “Northern Tent” ), while reserving ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, “Southern Tent”) for the Corvus asterism as specified by Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī (See [[al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī]]).

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.

Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="lisan"/>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===

Three primary sources discuss the Arabic ''al-Ḫibā' al-šaāmī'' (الخِبَاء الشآمي, "Northern Tent"): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts differ, and to elucidate the significance of ''al-Ḫibā''', one must compare it to other distinctly named stellar configurations that bear analogous nomenclature.

To understand how the Arabs imagined ''al-Ḫibā'<nowiki/>'', we can look at two well defined ''Ḫibā''' asterisms at our disposal. The first is ''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamānī'' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, "the Southern Tent"), which corresponds to an asterism of four quadrilateral stars γ, ε, β, δ in Corvus.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), ''al-Ḫibā''' ''al-Yamānī'' in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>
The other is ''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' (Arabic: سعد الأَخْبِيَة, "Auspice of Small Tents"), an asterism of four stars in Aquarius: three form a triangle, which is ''al-Ḫibā''' (the tent), and the fourth star inside the triangle is ''Saʿd'' (a man inside the tent). This description is given by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Al-Ṣūfī said, description of Aquarius:<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

<blockquote>سَعْدَ الأَخْبِيَةِ، وهو المنزل الخامس والعشرون من منازل القمر، سُمِّيَ بهذا الاسم لأنه من أربعة كواكب: ثلاثة منها على مثلث، وواحد في وسط المثلث وهو الحادي عشر، فجعلوا هذا الواحد سعدًا والثلاثة له بمنزلة الخباء.</blockquote>
<blockquote>''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'' ("Saʿd of the Tents"), the twenty-fifth of the lunar stations, was given this name because it consists of four stars: three form a triangle, and one lies at the center of that triangle — the eleventh star of Aquarius. They considered the central one ''Saʿd'', and the three surrounding it like the tent that shelters Saʿd.</blockquote>
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Saad alakhbiya.jpg|''Saʿd al-AḪbiya'', in Aquarius. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:khiba-triangular ai generated.png|Arabian ''Ḫibā''' tent supported by one pole. image inspired by [https://www.loc.gov/resource/matpc.04679/ a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 67<ref name="qutayba"/>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).

;Stars identification

It appears that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ), as described by Ibn Qutayba, denotes a quadrilateral configuration of four stars, reflecting the form of the southern tent (''al-Ḫibā' al-Yamāniyah'', الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ). Two such arrangements meet this criterion: one located beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its rising, and another beneath ''al-Ḥawḍ'' at its setting. The first consists of the four stars of the Big Dipper, which may be discounted since these are well known stars, and Ibn Qutayba would likely have acknowledged this alternate designation. The other candidate is the quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam.

|[[File:Northern Khiba ibn Qutayba.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' as described by ibn Qutayba. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>

Original Arabic, description of Auriga

Original Arabic

وفي القطعة من السماء التي حواليها هذه الصورة ورأس الدب الأكبر والجَدْيُ وكوكبة ذات الكرسي، وهي رقعة من السماء شبه مفازة ليس فيها كوكب نيِّر ولا شيء من الكواكب المرصودة إلا الاثنين اللذين على الرأس من هذه الصورة، وفيها من الكواكب ما لا يمكن إحصاؤه لكثرته وكثافة جمعه، وفي الوسط منها، كواكب من القدر الخامس والسادس، تُسَمِّيها العرب: الخِبَاءَ؛ لأنّها على صورة الخباء، والاثنان اللذان على الرأس من هذه الصورة داخلان في جملة الخباء.</blockquote>

;English translation

In the region of the sky surrounded by this constellation (referring to the constellation of Auriga), along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is an area with no bright star, nor any reported by Ptolemy except for the two at the head of Auriga. This area contains countless stars, densely packed together. In its center are stars of fifth and sixth magnitude, which the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent") because they resemble the shape of a tent. The two stars at the head of this constellation are considered part of ''al-Ḫibāʾ''.

;Stars identification

It is evident from the description that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) refers to a region of the sky encompassing numerous stars, including the two on the head of Auriga, δ and ξ Aur. Restricting the definition to only a specific number of stars does not align with the account given by al-Ṣūfī.
|[[File:Northern Khiba al-sufi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' region as described by al-Ṣūfī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref name="marzuqi"/>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: أسفل من بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ كواكب كثيرة مختلطة يقال لها: الضِّبَاعُ. وأَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ كواكب صغار، عن يمين الضِّبَاعِ، بينها وبين بَنَاتِ نَعْشٍ. قال: والخِبَاءُ كواكب في مثل هيئة الخِبَاءِ، أسفل من أَوْلَادِ الضِّبَاعِ.

;English translation

[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] said: Below ''Banāt Naʿsh'' (بَنَاتِ نَعْش) are numerous, scattered stars called ''al-Ḍibāʿ'' (الضِّبَاعُ, "the hyenas"). ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas") are small stars located to the right of ''al-Ḍibāʿ'', between them and ''Banāt Naʿsh''. He also said: ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ) is a group of stars resembling the shape of a tent, situated below ''Awlād al-Ḍibāʿ'' (أَوْلَادُ الضِّبَاعِ, "the young hyenas").

;Stars identification

Al-Marzūqī places ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' in spatial relation below ''al-Ḍibāʿ''. From the text we can easily find a quadrilateral shape with relatively bright stars as described in the region of the constellation Hercules. The location of this tent fits nicely with the nearby shepherd with his goats and two dogs in the middle of a desert pasture. Notably, his description is clearer than those of Ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī and corresponds well with the arrangement of stars in the night sky. According to his narrative, ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' refers to the four stars ζ, ε, π, η Her.
|[[File:Northern_Khiba_al-Marzuqi.jpg|thumb|center|400px|''Al-Ḫibāʾ'' al-šaāmī (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|}

==== Stars Identification ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Source!! Identification !! Comment
|-
| Ibn Qutayba || The quadrilateral formed by 15 Lyn, δ Aur, and α, β Cam || This is the closest match of the description, but with some uncertainty as the asterism stars are not prominent.
|-
| Al-Ṣūfī || A region of the sky surrounded by Auriga, along with the head of the Great Bear, Polaris, and Cassiopeia, including the two stars δ and ξ Aur. || A region with no bright stars, but no prominent asterism or group of stars resembling a tent could be identified.
|-
| Al-Marzūqī || ζ, ε, π, η Her || Definitive identification from a clear description
|}

===Discussion===

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

'''Kunitzsch (1961)'''<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/> discussed ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (no. 130), but didn't provide stars identification. 
Original German 
130. al-ḫibā 
“das Zelt”. Ibn Qutayba 67,3 (bei den unter Mondstation 14 mitbehandelten Sternen): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Sterne unterhalb von al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Maioris], in Form des Südlichen Zeltes [cf. den folgenden Artikel]”. Bei Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 lautet die Definition: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' sind Sterne in Form eines Zeltes, unterhalb von awlād aḍ-ḍibā [nr. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 rechnet zu diesen ''al-Ḫibā'' genannten Sternen die schwachen von Ptolemäus nicht beschrieben Sterne des modernen Bildes Giraffe sowie auch den 1. und 2. des ptolemäischen Bildes Fuhrmann = δξ Aurigae.

English translation 
130. al-ḫibā 
“the tent”. Ibn Qutayba 67.3 (among the stars discussed under Moon Station 14): ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ asfal min al-ḥawḍ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ al-yamāniya'' “al-hibā': Stars below al-ḥawḍ [= thυφθef Ursae Majoris], in the form of the Southern Tent [cf. the following article]”. In Marzūqī 2, 378, 19 the definition reads: ''wa-l-ḫibāʾ kawākib fi miṯl hayʾat al-ḫibāʾ asfal min awlād aḍ-ḍibāʿ'' “al-hibā' are stars in the shape of a tent, below awlād aḍ-ḍibā [no. 20]”. Ṣūfī 91, 16-17 includes among these stars called ''al-Ḫibā'' the faint stars of the modern constellation Giraffe, which were not described by Ptolemy, as well as the 1st and 2nd stars of the Ptolemaic constellation Aurigae.
 
'''Ideler (1809)''' <ref name="ideler"/> p. 90 identified ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as the stars λ, μ, σ Aurigae. Ideler's German text reads: 
Das Gestirn ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
der Fuhrmann, 
steht hinter Râs el-gûl (dem Medusenkopf), zwischen den Plejaden und dem grofsen Bären, und enthält vierzehn Sterne. Die Araber nennen die Sterne in der Mitte des Bildes (vermuthlich λ, μ,σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.
 
English translation 
The constellation ممسك الأعنة, Mumsikh el-aïnna, 
the Charioteer, 
lies behind Râs el-gûl (the Medusa's Head), between the Pleiades and the Great Bear, and contains fourteen stars. The Arabs call the stars in the center of the figure (presumably λ, μ, σ) الخبا, El-chibâ.

Ideler based his identification on al-Qazwīnī text<ref name="ideler"/> p. 383, which reads:
Original Arabic 
وفي وسط الصورة كواكب تسميها العرب الخبا 

English translation 
and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which Arabs call ''Al-Ḫibāʾ''.

Discussion of Ideler identification
Al-Qazwīnī usually reproduces al-Ṣūfī’s wording as closely as possible, and that is clearly his intention here. However, in this passage he begins with “and in the middle of the figure, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ,” whereas al-Ṣūfī had written “and in the middle of it, there are stars, which the Arabs call al-Ḫibāʾ.” Al-Qazwīnī’s substitution of “the figure” for “it” completely changes the sense: in al-Ṣūfī’s text, “it” refers not to the figure of Auriga but to a specific region of the sky bounded by Auriga, the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, which he had just described in the preceding passage and which al-Qazwīnī omitted. Because of this change, Ideler was led to think that ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' lies in the middle of the figure of Auriga.

Al-Ṣūfī’s full text reads (paraphrased in English): in the region of the sky enclosed by this constellation (Auriga), the head of Ursa Major, Polaris, and the constellation Cassiopeia, there is a wide expanse like a desert, with no bright stars and none of Ptolemy’s catalogued stars except the two at the head of this constellation (δ and ξ Aur). Within it there are countless faint stars due to their great number and dense clustering, and in the middle of it there are stars of the fifth and sixth magnitudes that the Arabs call ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (“the tent”), because they form the shape of a tent, with the two stars at the head of Auriga included among the stars of al-Ḫibāʾ.

Ideler’s identification of al-Ḫibāʾ in the middle of Auriga’s figure results from al-Qazwīnī’s wrong wording, whereas al-Ṣūfī’s text clearly points to a different area of the sky, mainly in present-day Camelopardalis and Lynx.


different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*
== Bibliography ==
Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-10T15:50:22Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-10T15:37:42Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Added bibliography section and standard reference list

User:KhalidAlAjaji/PlanetariumArabicumRefs

2026-06-10T13:58:16Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Khalid al-Ajaji (Kitāb al-Kawākib)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Khalid al-Ajaji (Urjuzat al-Kawākib)<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/>, Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

User:KhalidAlAjaji/PlanetariumArabicumRefs

2026-06-10T13:56:15Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Khalid al-Ajaji (Kitāb al-Kawākib)<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Khalid al-Ajaji (Urjuzat al-Kawākib)<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

User:KhalidAlAjaji/PlanetariumArabicumRefs

2026-06-10T13:53:29Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

User:KhalidAlAjaji/PlanetariumArabicumRefs

2026-06-10T13:52:37Z

KhalidAlAjaji: names of books

Lisān al-ʿarab<ref name="lisan"/>, Kitāb al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, Ibn Qutayba<ref name="qutayba"/>, Al-Marzūqī<ref name="marzuqi"/>, Kunitzsch<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, Danielle Adams<ref name="Adams2018"/>, Laffitte (2012<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, 2025<ref name="Laffitte2025"/>), Urjuzat al-Kawākib<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, Al-Ṯaqafī<ref name="thaqafi"/>, Al-Farāhīdī<ref name="farahidi"/>, Al-Ṣūfī 1954<ref name="sufi1954"/> Ideler 1809<ref name="ideler"/>

== Referenc
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

User:KhalidAlAjaji/PlanetariumArabicumRefs

2026-06-10T13:42:34Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

a<ref name="lisan"/>, a<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, a<ref name="qutayba"/>, a<ref name="marzuqi"/>, a<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, a<ref name="Adams2018"/>, a<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, a<ref name="Laffitte2025"/> a<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, a<ref name="thaqafi"/>, a<ref name="farahidi"/>, a<ref name="sufi1954"/> a<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
<ref name="ideler">Ideler, Ludwig, ''Untersuchungen über den Ursprung und die Bedeutung der Sternnamen'',Berlin 1809</ref>
}}

User:KhalidAlAjaji/PlanetariumArabicumRefs

2026-06-10T13:39:29Z

KhalidAlAjaji: added reference invocation sample

a<ref name="lisan"/>, a<ref name="khalid2021sufi"/>, a<ref name="qutayba"/>, a<ref name="marzuqi"/>, a<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>, a<ref name="Adams2018"/>, a<ref name="Laffitte2012"/>, a<ref name="Laffitte2025"/> a<ref name="khalid2021urjuza"/>, a<ref name="thaqafi"/>, a<ref name="farahidi", a<ref name="sufi1954"/> a<ref name="ideler"/>

== Reference ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
}}

User:KhalidAlAjaji/PlanetariumArabicumRefs

2026-06-10T02:27:20Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Created references page for planitarium arabicum

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">لسان العرب، ابن منظور (توفي 711 هـ) 
Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711 H/~1312 AD), ''Lisān al-ʿarab''</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021sufi">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr ''Book of the stars'' by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., ''KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs)'', DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>
<ref name="marzuqi">الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (d. 1030), ''Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah'' (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>
<ref name="Adams2018">Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2012">Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>
<ref name="Laffitte2025">Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>
<ref name="khalid2021urjuza">[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing أرجوزة الكواكب لأبي علي الحسين بن عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بابن الصوفي (ت بعد 400 ه، 1010م)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing ''Poem of the stars'' by Ibn al-Ṣūfī (died after ~ 400H, 1010AD): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>
<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿabd Allah ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿāṣim (d. 403 H/ ~1013 AD), ''Al-Anwaʾ wa al-Azmina'', critical edition by Dr. Nūrī al-Qaysī and Dr. Moḥammad Nayef al-Dulaymī, Dar al-Jīl, Beirut, Lebanon, 1416 H/1996 AD.</ref>
<ref name="farahidi">أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي (توفي 170 ه)، كتاب العين، 1400 – 1405 هـ. 
Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 AD), ''Kitab al-ʿayn'', a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985).</ref>
<ref name="sufi1954">أبو الحسين عبدالرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (المتوفى سنة 376 هـ/986م)، كتاب صور الكواكب الثمانية والأربعين، الطبعة الأولى بمطبعة مجلس دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد الدكن، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1954 م. 
ABŪL-ḤUSAYN ʿABDUR-RAḤMĀN AṢ-ṢŪFĪ. D. 376 A.H / 986 A.D., ''ṢUWARU'L-KAWĀKIB'', THE DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - Deccan - INDIA, 1373 A.H./1954 A.D.</ref>
}}

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-09T14:40:38Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

User:KhalidAlAjaji/al-Ḫibāʾ al-šaāmī

2026-06-09T14:30:19Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Created a page for ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-al-šaāmī'' (الْخِبَاء الشآمي), the northern tent

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-09T00:45:56Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish
|Alkhiba alshamai
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as mentioned by ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref name="LisanAlArab">Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref name="IbnQutaybaAnwa">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري المتوفى سنة 276هـ - 879م، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ - 1956م. 
IBN QUTAYBA AD-DĪNAWARĪ, ABŪ MUḤAMMAD ʿABDULLAH B. MUSLIM. d. 276 A.H / 879 A.D., KITĀBU'L-ANWĀʾ (on Meteorology of the Arabs), DAIRATU'L-MAʿARIFI'L-OSMANIA, Hyderabad - INDIA 1956 A.D./1375 A.H.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref name="IbnQutaybaAnwa" />
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic, description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic, description of Hydra
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani extended.png|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī as described by Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845 AD). (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|...
|
|}

====== Stars Identification ======
As evident from the historical descriptions ''al-Ḫibāʾ, also named al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī, ʿajuz al-asad,ʿarš al‑Simāk, and al-Ağmal'' is an asterism of the quadrilateral γ, ε, β, δ Crv.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stars of the asterism !! Proper names of the stars
|-
| γ Crv || [[Gienah]]
|-
| ε Crv ||
|-
| β Crv || [[Kraz]]
|-
| δ Crv || [[Algorab]]
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned al-Ḫibāʾ (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).

131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Pattern:ArabDict

2026-06-08T21:31:31Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}

{{distinguish| ... the other tent }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
... (... ), [translation], is an Arabic/ Arabian asterism. <here comes a short explanation: what is the earliest known occurance, what does it mean in their culture, perhaps were it stems from if e.g. taken over from Babylonian roots...>

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' (in spelling, in name)
* ...
* ...

===Etymology===
<our opnion>

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned ... (English translation)

===Sources and Identification===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
|
|-
| orig. & transl.
| identification (map)
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Khalid's most beautiful map with ASE-logo]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.</ref>
|
|-
|...
|
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 ه.
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).</ref>
|
|-
|...
|
|}

===Discussion===

====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-08T20:51:17Z

KhalidAlAjaji: added table for stars identifications

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish
|Alkhiba alshamai
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as mentioned by ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic in description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani extended.png|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī as described by Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845 AD). (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|...
|
|}

====== Stars Identification ======
As evident from the historical descriptions ''al-Ḫibāʾ, also named al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī, ʿajuz al-asad,ʿarš al‑Simāk, and al-Ağmal'' is an asterism of the quadrilateral γ, ε, β, δ Crv.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stars of the asterism !! Proper names of the stars
|-
| γ Crv || [[Gienah]]
|-
| ε Crv ||
|-
| β Crv || [[Kraz]]
|-
| δ Crv || [[Algorab]]
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned al-Ḫibāʾ (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).

131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-08T20:39:23Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish
|Alkhiba alshamai
|Alchiba
}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as mentioned by ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic in description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani extended.png|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī as described by Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845 AD). (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|...
|
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned al-Ḫibāʾ (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).

131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-08T20:34:23Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish| the similarly named asterism in the northern sky [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent) or the star with a similar name [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as mentioned by ibn Qutayba and al-Ṣūfī.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic in description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani extended.png|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī as described by Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845 AD). (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|...
|
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned al-Ḫibāʾ (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).

131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-08T20:22:44Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Added image of alKhiba as described by ibn al-A'rabi

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish| the similarly named asterism in the northern sky [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent) or the star with a similar name [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).'' }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as named by Ibn Qutayba.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic in description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani extended.png|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī as described by Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845 AD). (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|...
|
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned al-Ḫibāʾ (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).

131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

File:01S alKhibaAlyamani extended.png

2026-06-08T20:13:00Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī as described by Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845 AD. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).

File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png

2026-06-08T20:04:52Z

KhalidAlAjaji: KhalidAlAjaji uploaded a new version of File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png

Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in the area of Corvus constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-08T01:00:19Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish| the similarly named asterism in the northern sky [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent) or the star with a similar name [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).'' }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as named by Ibn Qutayba.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic in description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|
|-
|...
|
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned al-Ḫibāʾ (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).

131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-08T00:59:01Z

KhalidAlAjaji: /* Sources and Identification */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish| the similarly named asterism in the northern sky [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent) or the star with a similar name [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).'' }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as named by Ibn Qutayba.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic in description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|
|-
|...
|
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).

131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-08T00:55:56Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Added images

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish| the similarly named asterism in the northern sky [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent) or the star with a similar name [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).'' }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Khiba ai generated.png|thumb|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as named by Ibn Qutayba.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
|[[File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|thumb|center|400px|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic in description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|[[File:Southern Tent.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).]]
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|
|-
|...
|
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).
131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/alkhiba alyamani

2026-06-08T00:07:57Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Page for alKhiba alyamani created

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

{{distinguish| the similarly named asterism in the northern sky [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent) or the star with a similar name [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).'' }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
'''al-Ḫibāʾ''' (Arabic: الخباء), “the small tent” is an Arabian asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

==Provenance, Etymology, History==

'''Variants''' The asterism is referred to in historical sources as:
* ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), “the Tent” without a specifier.
* ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (Arabic: الْخِبَاء اليماني) '''“Southern Tent”''' as named by Ibn Qutayba.

The asterism is also called:
* ''ʿajuz al-asad'' (Arabic: '''عجز الأسد''') “the Lion’s Hindquarters”.
* ''ʿarš al‑Simāk'', (Arabic: '''عرش السماك'''), “the Throne of al‑Simāk” in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated
* ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'' (Arabic: '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''') “the camels/the loads on camels” is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

===Etymology===
''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء), from the Arabic root خ ب ي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===Sources and Identification===
Three primary sources describe al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī: Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Ḫibāʾ as a celestial figure.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identification(s)
|-
|
|
|-
|'''Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889)'''
Original Arabic, p. 62<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>

قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'š) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arš al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Ḫibāʾ)."

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent.

Original Arabic, p. 67<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya.</ref>
وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.

English translation

The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Ḫibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Ḫibāʾ alyamāniyah).
| identification (map)
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Khalid's most beautiful map with ASE-logo]]
|-
|'''Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986)'''<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021.]</ref>

Original Arabic in description of Corvus

والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.

English translation

The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arš al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ağmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Ḫibā’).

Al-Ṣūfī also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Ḫibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of Hydra.

Original Arabic
وذكر بعد ذلك أن بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءَ اليَمَانِيَ.

English translation

He then mentioned that between al-Fard (Arabic: الفرد, "the lone one", Alphard α Hya) and Zubānā al-aqrab (Arabic: زبانى العقرب, "Claws of Scorpio", α2, β Lib) lies al-Ḫibāʾ al-Yamānī.
|-
|'''Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030)'''<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon).
</ref>

Original Arabic, vol 2, p. 345

"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."

English translation

“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Ḫibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Ḫibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Ḫibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Ḫibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Šarāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Šarāsīf'' and ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”
|
|-
|...
|
|}

Formerly, Kunitzsch (1961)<ref>Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref> mentioned (English translation):

131a. ''al-ḫibāʾ''
"the tent". Ibn Qutayba 62, 11 (among the stars treated under lunar station 14) and 73, 3 (among the stars treated under lunar station 19); Marzūqī 2, 383; Ṣūfī 313, 3; 321, 5 (Yehuda XLII, 6): another name for the stars called ʿarš al‑Simāk as-simāk al-ʿazal (no. 40).
131b. ''al-ḫibā al-yamānī''
Ṣūfī 313, 7 mentions the same star here under the extended name al-hibā al-yamānī "the southern tent".

===Discussion===
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ağmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Šarāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.
====Image Variants, Transfer and Transformation====
<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|Laffitte's mapping
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

====Verbal Discussion/ Conclusion====

different opinions by modern scholars - e.g. Adams<ref>Danielle Adams, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018</ref>, Laffitte (2012<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Le ciel des Arabes'', 2012</ref>, 2025<ref>Roland Laffitte, ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots, 2025 ([https://uranos.fr/500-noms-herites-des-arabes/ online])</ref>), AlAjaji, Kunitzsch, Ideler
...

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Deviating Identifications?
|-
! Header text !! Adams !! AlAjaji !! Laffitte
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Star Name || beta || alpha || gamma
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}

.

==IAU Working Group Star Names==

In 202x, the name ... was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ...

WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

This star is <a red giant or whatelse> ... here astrophysical data will be added (by Eric, most likely) after the decision.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Talk:Al-Suʿūd

2026-06-04T17:13:04Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Created page with "I couldn't find the name: al-Ḫāṭib in Pegasus in the source cited Laffitte (2025)[1] Roland Laffitte (2025), Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe, Orient des Mots."

I couldn't find the name: al-Ḫāṭib in Pegasus in the source cited Laffitte (2025)[1]
Roland Laffitte (2025), Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe, Orient des Mots.

User:KhalidAlAjaji/الخباء اليماني

2026-06-03T12:03:32Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
''This article is about the asterism '''Alkhiba''' in the constellation Corvus. For the similarly named asterism in the northern sky, see [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent). For the star with a similar name, see [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).''

'''Alkhiba''' (Arabic: الخباء, “the small tent”; also transliterated as ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' and referred to as '''الْخِبَاء اليماني''' “Southern Tent”) is an asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

== Headword ==
'''Arabic:''' الْخِبَاء اليماني 
'''Transliteration:''' ''al‑Ḫibāʾ al‑yamānī'' 
'''Romanization:''' ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'' 
'''IPA:''' /ʔal.xɪ.baːʔul.ja.maːniː/

== Names ==

The asterism is referred to in historical sources as ''al-Khibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء, “the Tent”) without a specifier, and as '''“Southern Tent”''' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī''). To avoid confusion with the asterism in Hercules also known as al-Khibāʾ and with the star α Crv named '''[[Alchiba]]''', this article uses the form '''“Southern Tent”''' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī''), following Ibn Qutayba.

The asterism is also called '''عجز الأسد''' (romanized: ''ʿajuz al-asad'', “the Lion’s Hindquarters”), '''عرش السماك''' (romanized: ''ʿarsh al‑Simāk'', literally “the Throne of al‑Simāk”; al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated) in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī, while the form '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''' (romanized: ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'', “the camels/the loads on camels”) is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

=== Modern Authors ===

==== Danielle Adams ====

==== Khalid AlAjaji ====

===== Etymology =====
''al-Khibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء, from the Arabic root خبي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Khibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''Al-Khibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===== Concordance =====
''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'' is an asterism of the quadrilateral γ, ε, β, δ Crv in the constellation Corvus, corresponding to the brightest stars 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 7th of the 7 star Ptolemaic Corvus.

===== History =====
Three primary sources describe the Arabic Southern Tent (الخِبَاء اليماني, al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Khibāʾ as a celestial figure.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

====== Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889) ======
The complete text describing the Southern Tent (''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'') reads:<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ، ص 62. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, pg 62.</ref>

;Original Arabic
<blockquote>
قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'sh) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arsh al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Khibā')."</blockquote>

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Khibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent. The complete text reads:<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ، ص 67. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, pg 67.</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Khibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Khibāʾ alyamāniyah).</blockquote>

====== Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986) ======
The complete text describing the Southern Tent (''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'') reads:<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي، ص 840. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021, pg 840.]</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arsh al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ajmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Khibā’).</blockquote>
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ajmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Sharāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.

====== Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030) ======
The complete text describing the Northern Tent (''al-Ḫibāʾ ash-Šāmī'') on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon), vol 2, pg 345.
</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Khibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Khibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Khibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Khibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Sharāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Sharāsīf'' and ''al‑Khibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”</blockquote>

====== Stars Identification ======
As discussed ''al-Khibāʾ, also named al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī, ʿajuz al-asad,ʿarsh al‑Simāk, and al-Ajmāl'' is an asterism of the quadrilateral γ, ε, β, δ Crv.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stars of the asterism !! Proper names of the stars
|-
| γ Crv || [[Gienah]]
|-
| ε Crv ||
|-
| β Crv || [[Kraz]]
|-
| δ Crv || [[Algorab]]
|}

<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

==== Roland Laffitte ====

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Her]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]

File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png

2026-06-03T00:35:36Z

KhalidAlAjaji: KhalidAlAjaji uploaded a new version of File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png

Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khiba al-shami (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).

File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png

2026-06-03T00:29:05Z

KhalidAlAjaji: KhalidAlAjaji reverted File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png to an old version

Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khiba al-shami (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).

File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png

2026-06-03T00:15:05Z

KhalidAlAjaji: KhalidAlAjaji uploaded a new version of File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png

Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khiba al-shami (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).

File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png

2026-06-03T00:14:23Z

KhalidAlAjaji: KhalidAlAjaji uploaded a new version of File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png

Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in the area of Corvus constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).

User:KhalidAlAjaji/الخباء اليماني

2026-06-03T00:09:06Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Added table of stars and links

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
''This article is about the asterism '''Alkhiba''' in the constellation Corvus. For the similarly named asterism in the northern sky, see [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent). For the star with a similar name, see [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).''

'''Alkhiba''' (Arabic: الخباء, “the small tent”; also transliterated as ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' and referred to as '''الْخِبَاء اليماني''' “Southern Tent”) is an asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

== Headword ==
'''Arabic:''' الْخِبَاء اليماني
'''Transliteration:''' ''al‑Ḫibāʾ al‑yamānī''
'''Romanization:''' ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī''
'''IPA:''' /ʔal.xɪ.baːʔu l.ja.maːniː/

== Names ==

The asterism is referred to in historical sources as ''al-Khibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء, “the Tent”) without a specifier, and as '''“Southern Tent”''' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī''). To avoid confusion with the asterism in Hercules also known as al-Khibāʾ and with the star α Crv named '''[[Alchiba]]''', this article uses the form '''“Southern Tent”''' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī''), following Ibn Qutayba.

The asterism is also called '''عجز الأسد''' (romanized: ''ʿajuz al-asad'', “the Lion’s Hindquarters”), '''عرش السماك''' (romanized: ''ʿarsh al‑Simāk'', literally “the Throne of al‑Simāk”; al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated) in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī, while the form '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''' (romanized: ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'', “the camels/the loads on camels”) is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

=== Modern Authors ===

==== Danielle Adams ====

==== Khalid AlAjaji ====

===== Etymology =====
''al-Khibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء, from the Arabic root خبي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Khibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''Al-Khibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===== Concordance =====
''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'' is an asterism of the quadrilateral γ, ε, β, δ Crv in the constellation Corvus, corresponding to the brightest stars 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 7th of the 7 star Ptolemaic Corvus.

===== History =====
Three primary sources describe the Arabic Southern Tent (الخِبَاء اليماني, al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Khibāʾ as a celestial figure.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

====== Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889) ======
The complete text describing the Southern Tent (''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'') reads:<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ، ص 62. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, pg 62.</ref>

;Original Arabic
<blockquote>
قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'sh) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arsh al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Khibā')."</blockquote>

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Khibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent. The complete text reads:<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ، ص 67. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, pg 67.</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Khibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Khibāʾ alyamāniyah).</blockquote>

====== Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986) ======
The complete text describing the Southern Tent (''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'') reads:<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي، ص 840. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021, pg 840.]</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arsh al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ajmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Khibā’).</blockquote>
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ajmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Sharāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.

====== Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030) ======
The complete text describing the Northern Tent (''al-Ḫibāʾ ash-Šāmī'') on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon), vol 2, pg 345.
</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Khibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Khibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Khibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Khibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Sharāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Sharāsīf'' and ''al‑Khibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”</blockquote>

====== Stars Identification ======
As discussed ''al-Khibāʾ, also named al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī, ʿajuz al-asad,ʿarsh al‑Simāk, and al-Ajmāl'' is an asterism of the quadrilateral γ, ε, β, δ Crv.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stars of the asterism !! Proper names of the stars
|-
| γ Crv || [[Gienah]]
|-
| ε Crv ||
|-
| β Crv || [[Kraz]]
|-
| δ Crv || [[Algorab]]
|}

<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

==== Roland Laffitte ====

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==

[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Her]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]

User:KhalidAlAjaji/الخباء اليماني

2026-06-02T23:42:43Z

KhalidAlAjaji: Added star chart for al-khiba alyamani

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''al-Khibā' al-yamānī'', ''al-Ḫibāʾ al-yamānī'' (الْخِبَاء اليماني)}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
''This article is about the asterism '''Alkhiba''' in the constellation Corvus. For the similarly named asterism in the northern sky, see [[Alkhiba alshamai]] (Northern Tent). For the star with a similar name, see [[Alchiba]] (the Tent).''

'''Alkhiba''' (Arabic: الخباء, “the small tent”; also transliterated as ''al‑Ḫibāʾ'' and referred to as '''الْخِبَاء اليماني''' “Southern Tent”) is an asterism of four stars forming a quadrilateral in the constellation Corvus.

== Headword ==
'''Arabic:''' الْخِبَاء اليماني
'''Transliteration:''' ''al‑Ḫibāʾ al‑yamānī''
'''Romanization:''' ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī''
'''IPA:''' /ʔal.xɪ.baːʔu l.ja.maːniː/

== Names ==

The asterism is referred to in historical sources as ''al-Khibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء, “the Tent”) without a specifier, and as '''“Southern Tent”''' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī''). To avoid confusion with the asterism in Hercules also known as al-Khibāʾ and with the star α Crv named '''[[Alchiba]]''', this article uses the form '''“Southern Tent”''' (Arabic: الخباء اليماني, ''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī''), following Ibn Qutayba.

The asterism is also called '''عجز الأسد''' (romanized: ''ʿajuz al-asad'', “the Lion’s Hindquarters”), '''عرش السماك''' (romanized: ''ʿarsh al‑Simāk'', literally “the Throne of al‑Simāk”; al‑Simāk is a proper name connected with being high or elevated) in works by Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī, while the form '''الأجمال'''/'''الأحمال''' (romanized: ''al-Ajmāl/al-Ahmāl'', “the camels/the loads on camels”) is reported only by al‑Ṣūfī.

=== Modern Authors ===

==== Danielle Adams ====

==== Khalid AlAjaji ====

===== Etymology =====
''al-Khibāʾ'' (Arabic: الخباء, from the Arabic root خبي) denotes a small tent.
Lisān al-ʿArab defines ''al-Khibāʾ'' as:<ref>Lisān al-ʿarab, لسان العرب، باب الواو والياء المعتل فصل الخاء المعجمة</ref>
<blockquote>الخِباءُ مِنَ الأَبنية: وَاحِدُ الأَخْبية، وَهُوَ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وَبَر أَو صُوفٍ وَلَا يَكُونُ مِنْ شَعَر، وَهُوَ عَلَى عَمُودَيْنِ أَو ثَلَاثَةٍ، وَمَا فوقَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ بَيْت.</blockquote>

<blockquote>''Al-Khibāʾ'' (الخِبَاء) is a tent made of camel wool or sheep’s wool, never of goat hair. It usually stands on two or three poles; anything larger than that is called a ''bayt'' (large tent).</blockquote>

===== Concordance =====
''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'' is an asterism of the quadrilateral γ, ε, β, δ Crv in the constellation Corvus, corresponding to the brightest stars 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 7th of the 7 star Ptolemaic Corvus.

===== History =====
Three primary sources describe the Arabic Southern Tent (الخِبَاء اليماني, al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī): Ibn Qutayba, al-Marzūqī, and al-Ṣūfī. Their accounts largely agree, allowing the stars to be identified with high confidence and clarifying how the Arabs envisioned al-Khibāʾ as a celestial figure.
<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:Southern Tent.jpg|Southern Tent (الخباء اليماني), al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī in Corvus. Image produced by Stellarium. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
File:Khiba ai generated.png|Arabian Khibāʾtent. image inspired by [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/matpc/01100/01108v.jpg a century old photo in Matson collection in Library of Congress]. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

====== Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 H / 889) ======
The complete text describing the Southern Tent (''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'') reads:<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ، ص 62. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, pg 62.</ref>

;Original Arabic
<blockquote>
قال ابن كناسة: وربما عدل القمر فنزل بعَجُزِ الأَسَدِ، وهي أربعة كواكب بين يدي السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، منحدرة عنه في الجنوب، مربعة على صورة النَّعْشِ، يقال لها: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، وتُسَمَّى: الخِبَاءَ.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>Ibn Kunāsa [d. 207H/822AD] said: "Sometimes the moon deviates and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion ('Ajuz al-Asad). These are four stars situated before the Unarmed Simāk (al-Simāk al-A'zal), sloping down from it toward the south, squared in the shape of the stars of (Na'sh) [the bowl of the Big Dipper α, β, γ, δ UMa]; they are called the Throne of al-Simāk('Arsh al-Simāk) and are also named the Tent (al-Khibā')."</blockquote>

Ibn Qutayba also named this asterism the Southern tent (Arabic: الخباء اليماني، al-Khibāʾ alyamānī) in his description of the Northern Tent. The complete text reads:<ref>أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ، ص 67. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, pg 67.</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>وأولاد الظباء كواكب صغار، فيما بين الظباء والنفزات، وعن يمين نفزات الظباء كواكب مستديرة غير متقارنة، تسمّى: الحوض. والخباء أسفل من الحوض، كواكب في مثل هيئة الخباء اليمانية.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>The fawns, ''awlād al-Zibāʾ'' (أَوْلادُ الظِّبَاءِ), are small stars located between ''al-Zibāʾ'' (الظِّبَاءِ) and the Gazelle Leaps (النَّفَزَاتِ). To the right of the Gazelle Leaps (نَفَزَاتِ الظِّبَاءِ), there are round, non-aligned stars called ''al-Hawd'' (الحَوْضَ, "the Pool"). Below ''al-Hawd'' lies ''al-Khibāʾ'' (الخِبَاءُ, "the Tent"), a group of stars shaped like the Southern tent (الخِبَاءِ اليَمَانِيَّةِ, al-Khibāʾ alyamāniyah).</blockquote>

====== Al-Ṣūfī (d. 376 H / 986) ======
The complete text describing the Southern Tent (''al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī'') reads:<ref>[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي، ص 840. ]
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021, pg 840.]</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>والعرب تُسَمِّي هذه الكواكب: عَجُزَ الأَسَدِ، وتزعم أن القمر ربما قصر فنزل بعجز الأسد، وتسمّيها أيضًا: عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ الأَعْزَلِ، وتسميها أيضًا: الأَجْمَالَ، وتسميها أيضًا: الخِبَاءَ.</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>The Arabs call these stars [the seven stars of Ptolemaic Corvus]: the Hindquarters of the Lion (‘Ajuz al-Asad). They claim that the moon sometimes falls short and alights at the Hindquarters of the Lion. They also call them: the Throne of the Unarmed Simāk (‘Arsh al-Simāk al-A‘zal); they also call them: the Camels (al-Ajmāl); and they also call them: the Tent (al-Khibā’).</blockquote>
The name al-Ahmāl (Arabic الأحمال, “the Camel Loads”) appears in some manuscripts, but it seems to be a scribal error. The two forms الأجمال and الأحمال are graphically similar and differ by only a single dot, while al-Ajmal (“the Camels”) is preferable because it lies in the same area as the Arabian constellations al-Sharāsīf (Arabic الشراسيف, “the Tied Camels”) = Hydra and al-Maʿlaf (Arabic المَعْلَف, “the Camels’ feeding trough”) = Crater.

====== Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 H / 1030) ======
The complete text describing the Northern Tent (''al-Ḫibāʾ ash-Šāmī'') on the authority of Ibn al-Aʿrabī (d. 230 H / 845) reads:<ref>الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ، الجزء الثاني، ص 349. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), Edition by Dr. Mohammad Nayef al-Dulaymi, (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon), vol 2, pg 345.
</ref>

;Original Arabic

<blockquote>"وقال [ابن الأعرابي]: فيما بين الفَرْدِ وبين زُبَانَى العَقْرَبِ الخِبَاءُ. قال أبو حنيفة: إن كان عنى بالخِبَاءِ عَرْشَ السِّمَاكِ، فذاك، وإلَّا فليس هناك خباء غيره، وقال: على أثر الخِبَاءِ كواكب يقال لها: الشَّرَاسِيفُ، وهي كواكب مستطيلة مثل الحبل. وقال: بين الشَّرَاسِيفِ والخِبَاءِ كواكبُ مستديرةٌ متبدّدةٌ على غير نظام يقال لها: المَعْلَفُ."</blockquote>

;English translation

<blockquote>“[Ibn al-Aʿrabī] (d. 230 H / 845) said: Between ''al‑Fard'' (Alphard α Hya) and ''al-Zubānā'' (α2, β Lib, the claws of the Scorpion) is ''al‑Khibāʾ''. Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 282 H / ~895) said: If by al‑Khibāʾ he meant the throne of al‑Simāk, then that is correct; otherwise, there is no other Khibāʾ there. And he said: Following al‑Khibāʾ are stars that are called ''al-Sharāsīf'' (Arabic الشراسيف, the Tied camels); they are elongated stars like a rope [stars of Hydra]. And he said: Between ''al‑Sharāsīf'' and ''al‑Khibāʾ'' are round, scattered stars, without order, that are called ''al‑Maʿlaf'' (Arabic المَعْلَف, the Camels feeding trough) [stars of the constellation Crater].”</blockquote>

<gallery widths="360" heights="360">
File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png|Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in constellation Corvus. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).
</gallery>

==== Roland Laffitte ====

== Weblinks ==

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== Reference ==

[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Star Name]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Her]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]

File:01S alKhibaAlyamani.png

2026-06-02T23:39:45Z

KhalidAlAjaji:

Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khibāʾ al-yamānī (الخباء اليماني) in the area of Corvus constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).

File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png

2026-06-02T23:36:22Z

KhalidAlAjaji: KhalidAlAjaji uploaded a new version of File:01S alKhibaAlshami.png

Star chart of the Arabian asterism al-Khiba al-shami (الخباء الشآمي) as described by al-Marzūqī in the area of Hercules constellation. (CC BY Khalid AlAjaji 2026).