All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

Mesopotamian (All Terms)

2026-07-07T17:41:52Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Cite as: Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, online in the IAU-All Skies Encyclopaedia (2021-202x).
----
[[File:Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC.svg|thumb|Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BCE]]

== Introduction ==
This dictionary is in a preliminary state (a beta-version). We are still in the process of editing, regularizing technical details such as citation issues, and selecting illustrations. Nonetheless, even in this incomplete form the Planetarium Babylonicum is already the most complete reference work available for Mesopotamian sky-names. Please feel free to make use of our data as is, bearing in mind that you are using unfinished/ incomplete version which often undergoes changes on a daily basis. We hope for completion of a preliminary alpha-version by 2027.

We thank G. Kurtik and his family for providing his updated materials from Kurtik 2007 for inclusion in this more comprehensive product. We translated his unfinished manuscript to English, relaced many of his non-standard Assyriological abbreviations, titles, translations, hyperlinked all (or most of) the references and are still updating his (largely outdated or indistinguished) astronomical identifications which is a research project on its own within this corpus. Still, some information is missing, as Kurtik passed away while working on it: so, we also try to reconstruct what he had in mind. For now, the beta-version still is undergoing some sorting and restructuring of the Assyriological material. The alpha-version will be more in line with contemporary standards. Likewise, we are still in the process of regularizing transliteration of Sumerian and Akkadian texts and seeking the most appropriate possible font for presenting cuneiform signs.

=== Pronunciation ===
Sumerian and Akkadian coexisted for millennia but we have no direct means of being certain as to their exact pronunciations or to dialectical differences in either language. Two names illustrate this difficulty: lu2.hun.ga2 and pa.bil2.sag (sometimes spelt pa.bil2.saĝ). Each shows a nasalized g (hunga and sang). Hence, the resumption of the nasalized ga2 rather than ga1 (here g as in goat) for lu2.hun.ga2, and pa.bil.sag with nasalized g as in Sumerian hur.sag (mountain range) = Akkadian ''hurshannu'' or variants of the name of the Temple of Marduk in Babylon esagil/ esangil.

=== Month Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sumerian
!Sumerian (alternate)
!Akkadian
!Hebrew
|-
|Month I
|ITIBARA2.ZAG(.GAR)
Month (images) placed by throne
|ITI.BAR(.SAG.SAG)
|''Nisānu''
|Nisan נִיסָן
|-
|Month II
|ITI(EZEM.)GU4.SI.SU
Month horned oxen marched forth
|ITI.GU4(.SI.SÁ)
|''Ayyāru''
|Iyar אִייָר‎
|-
|Month III
|ITISIG4.U5.ŠUB.BA.GÁ.GAR
Month the brick is placed in the mold
|ITI.SIG4.A
|''simānu''
|Sivan סִיוָן
|-
|Month IV
|ITIŠU.NUMUN
Month preparing seed
|ITI.ŠU(.NUMUN.A/NA);
ITI.ŠU.GAR.NUMUN.NA
|''Dûzu''
|Tammuz תַּמּוּז
|-
|Month V
|ITINE.IZI.GAR
Month braziers are lit
|ITI.NE(.NE.GAR)
|''Abu''
|Av אָב
|-
|Month VI
|ITIKIN.dINANNA
Month of rectification of Inanna
|ITI.KIN
|''Ulūlu /'' ''Elūlu''
|Elul אֱלוּל
|-
|Month VII
|ITIDU6.KÙ
Month of Sacred Mound
|ITI.DU6/DUL(.KÙ)
|''tašrītu''
|Tishrei תִּשְׁרֵי
|-
|Month VIII
|ITI(GIŠ)APIN.DU8.A
Month the plow is let go
|ITI.APIN(.DU8.A)
|''Arahsamnu''
|(Mar)Cheshvan
מַרְחֶשְׁוָן/חֶשְׁוָן
|-
|Month IX
|ITIGAN.GAN.(MU.)E3
Month when the clouds(?) come out
|ITI.GAN(.GAN.NA)
|''Kisilīmu''
|Kislev כִּסְלֵו
|-
|Month X
|ITIAB.E3
Month of the father
|ITI.AB(.BA.È)
|''ṭebētu''
|Tevet טֵבֵת
|-
|Month XI
|ITIZIZ2.A
Month for emmer
|ITI.ZÍZ(.A.AN)
|''Šabāṭu''
|Shevat שְׁבָט
|-
|Month XII
|ITIŠE.KIN.KU5
Month of the cutting of barley
|ITI.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Ad(d)aru''
|Adar אֲדָר
|-
|Intercalary
Month XIII
|ITIDIRI.ŠE.KIN.KU5 Additional harvest month
|ITI.DIRIG.ŠE(.KIN.TAR)
|''Adaru arkû''
|Adar II
אֲדָר שֵׁנִי
|}

== Kurtik's Dictionary of the Babylonian Star Heaven ==
This list of terms is based upon the printed dictionary:

* Kurtik, G. (2007):
** Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил
** [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies],
** Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.

The author participated at the beginning of the project and sent us a reworked version of this print short before his death in March 2022. We include his last (unpublished) Russian version, Gössmann's 1950 German version, translated both and rework them continuously. The numbers of the terms are from Kurtik. The terms we added bear no numbers.

=== Page 1 (a01. A to e03. E.TA.NAM.AN) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |Our notes
|-
|𒀀
|
|a01. [[UR.GU.LA|A]]
|Abbreviation for [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Merged into [[UR.A|UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀀𒂔
|
|a02. [[ERU (Goddess)|A.EDIN]]
|A goddess
|Redirect to [[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒆪
|
|a03. [[A.GI7|dA.KU]]
|Moon
|Redirect to [[A.GI7|A.GI7]]
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|a04. [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]]
|The Eagle
|Redirect to [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|-
|𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵
|
|a05. [[A2.GU2.ZI.GA|A2.GU2.ZI.GA]]
|Venus; (Star) of the morning
|
|-
|𒀊𒉆
|
|a06. [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]]
| rowspan="2" |The Barley Stalk
| rowspan="2" |Same term
|-
|𒆠𒀸𒀸
|
|a07. [[AB.SIN|ABSIN]]
|-
|𒀜𒈨
|
|a08. *AD.ME
|
|The lemma was deleted because Gehlken, Weather Omens of EAE, p.120 has the reading ''šit-qul-ti'' MUL.MUL ''u'' Sin.
|-
|𒈕
|
|a09. [[AD6|AD6]]
|The Corpse
|Akkadian ''pagru''
|-
|𒉘𒀭𒁔
|
|a10. [[AG2.AN.BUR2|AG2.AN.BUR2]]
|The Crown of Anu (?)
|can be merged into a12. AGA Anim
|-
|𒂆
|
|a11. [[AGA]]
|The Crown
|
|-
|𒂆𒀭𒀀𒉏
|
|a12. [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']]
|The Crown of Anu
|
|-
|𒀝𒊒
|
|a13. ''[[Agru]]''
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|𒀀𒄩𒋾
|
|a14. ''[[A-ḫa-ti]]''
|Sister
|
|-
|𒀀𒄷𒌋
|
|a15. ''[[Aḫû]]''
|The Stranger
|
|-
|𒀭𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|a16. [[AḪUD|dAḪUD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒃰𒋺𒋛
|
|a17. [[AKKIL]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|Alammuš
|
|God, vizier of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. d(MÙŠ.)LÀL (MUL.APIN, I i 6, EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a18. [[AL.LUL]]
|Crab
|
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|a19. AL.TAR
|Jupiter, Heroic
|Merged into [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|-
|𒀩
|
|a20. [[ALAM]]
|Sun, Venus
|
|-
|𒀠𒈜
|
|a21. [[AL.LUL|ALLA]]
|Crab
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|
|
|a22. ''Alluttum''
|
|Merged into [[AL.LUL]]
|-
|𒀠𒁍
|
|a23. ''[[Alpu]]''
|Bull
|
|-
|
|
|a24. ''Alû''
|
|Occurs only in the Neo-Assyrian texts Sm. 162 rev. 4:
Now read [...mu]lba-a-li [Horowitz Alb 234]; see (Kurtik a24) [[BALUM]]
|-
|𒄠𒀭𒈾
|
|a25. AM.AN.NA
|
|Merged into [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒂼𒈨𒁁
|
|a26. [[AMA.ME.TIL|dAMA.ME.TIL]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒀫𒄈
|
|a27. AMAR.GIR2
|
|Only in Old Babylonian Sumerian star lists:
*mulamar.˹gir2˺(?) [MSL XI, 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 21; OECT IV, Pl. LIII].
*Probably a scribe's mistake, written instead of mulamar.utu (see a28).
|-
|𒀭𒀫𒌓
|
|a28. *dAMAR.UD -> [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]
|Supreme deity Marduk
|"UD" now read "UTU" (cf. ''[[Nēberu]])''
|-
|
|
|a29. ''[[Amurru]]''
|Western asterism
|
|-
|𒀭
|
|a30. [[AN]]
|Sky deity; Mars
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Andurunna]]''
|
|cosmic region and divine name: the pre-sky home of gods before Marduk created the heavens, see [Horowitz 1998, 225]
|-
|𒀭𒆠
|
|a31. AN.KI
|
|Merged into [[NUNki|mulNUNki]]
|-
|𒀭𒋙𒋼
|
|a32. AN.ŠU2.TE
|
|Merged into [[AN]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒁺
|
|a33. [[AN.TA.GUB]]
|Standing star
|
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋩𒊏
|
|a34. AN.TA.SUR.RA
|
|Merged into [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒊒𒊒𒁀
|
|a35. AN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA
|
|= ''kakkab eliš māqitu'' "Star falling from above"; a term for meteors(?) [BPO 2, 10; Chadwick 1993, 164; G. 35].
Only in ''EAE'' predictions series: mulAN.TA.ŠUB.ŠUB.BA <''ana''> IM.ŠUB.BA "stars, falling from above, to weaken? the wind". [BPO 2, I 20; III 20; IV 14].
|-
|𒀭𒋫𒋗𒌨𒊏
|
|a36. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|
|-
|𒀭𒌑𒄀𒂊
|
|a37. AN.U2.GI.E
|Wind demons
|moved to [[U2.GE.E|U2.GE.E]]
|-
|𒀭𒍪
|
|a38. AN.ZU
|
|See (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|mul dIM.DUGUDmušen]]. The reading ANZU and ANZUD have been proposed for IM.DUGUD and dIM.DUGUD. Writings mul dIM.DUGUD prove that this is a name for an asterism, perhaps to be read mul dAnzu(d).
|-
|𒀲𒆳𒊏
|
|a39. [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]]
|Horse
|
|-
|
|
|a40. d''Antum''
|
|Asterism forming part of the constellation (m08) Wagon, identified with the goddess Antum, the wife of the god Anu, 'the King of Heaven'; paired with (a41) mul d''Anum''. The name is attested in a night ritual at the temple of Anu in Uruk, see (a41) d''Anum'', 3. In the divine genealogies – the consort of the sky god Anu, see [[AN]]: d''Anum'' (I 2-23, 29-31) [Litke 1998, 20-24].
|-
|
|
|a41. d''Anum''
|
|Akkadian name for the God of Heaven AN, see (a30) [[AN]].
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓
|
|a42. ''[[Anunitu|dAnunītum]]''
|Deity Ištar
|
|-
|
|
|''Anu-rabû''
|Great Anu
|“Great Anu”. Most probably to be understood as the name of a specific deity, the city god of Dēr. d''A-num'' GAL-''ú šá'' AN-e (MUL.APIN I i 19).
|-
|
|
|Apil-Emaḫ
|First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ
|“First-born son of the (temple) Emaḫ”. Emaḫ is the name usually given to sanctuaries of the mother goddess. The first-born son of the mother goddess (under her name Ninḫursag) would normally be Ninurta whose father is, however, Enlil. mul[[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA-É.MAḪ]] (MUL.APIN, I i 21).
|-
|𒄑𒀳
|
|a43. [[APIN|giš]] [[APIN]]
|Plough
|
|-
|
|
|a44. ''Āribu''
|Raven
|Akkadian parallel to mulUGAmušen "Raven"; a constellation within the modern Raven (Corvus), syllabic entries of it are found mostly in lexical texts, see (u11) [[UGA|UGAmušen]].
|-
|𒀀𒊑𒌈
|
|a45. ''[[Aritum|Arītum]]''
|Shield
|
|-
|𒅈𒄷𒁾
|
|a46. ''[[Arḫum]]''
|Month
|
|-
|𒀀𒋛𒁺
|
|a47. ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''
|Heel
|"The heel" is a mentioned as part of several constellations
|-
|𒀸𒃶
|
|a48. AŠ.GAN
|
|See (Kurtik i04) [[IKU]]
|-
|𒀸𒈨
|
|a49. [[AŠ.ME]]
|Sun, Saturn
|
|-
|
|
|Aya
|
|Goddess, wife of the sun god Utu/ Šamaš. dA-a (MUL.APIN I i 18), associated with the asterism of The Ewe.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|Baba
|
|dBa-ba6, Goddess, wife of Ningirsu/Ninurta, identified with Gula who, in MUL.APIN I i 24 is associated with the asterism of The Goat.
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒅆
|
|b01. dBA.LIM
|
|Misreading, see (Kurtik b05) [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|-
|
|
|b02. BAL.ME.GAR
|
|Misreading, corrected: DILI.BAD, see (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat]]
|-
|𒁄𒌨𒀀
|
|b03. [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]]
|Asterism of Dignity
|
|-
|𒁆
|
|b04. [[BALAG]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒁀𒈝
|
|b05. [[BALUM|d''Balum'']]
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|b06. gišBAN
|
|See [[PAN|giš]][[PAN]]
|-
|
|
|b07. ''Barbaru''
|
|See [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|b08. ''[[Bašmu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|[[GAŠAN.TIN|''bēlet balāṭi'']]
|Lady of Life
|See [[GAŠAN.TIN|mul / dGAŠAN.TIN]]
|-
|𒁉𒄊
|
|b09. [[BI.GIR3|BI.GIR3]]
|
|
|-
|𒁉𒅁𒁍
|
|b10. ''[[Bibbu]]''
|Planets; Wild Sheep
|
|-
|𒄵
|
|b11. [[BIR]]
|The Kidney
|
|-
|𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣
|
|b12. [[BURANUN]]
|''Purattu'' "Euphrates"
|
|-
|𒁓𒊒𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|b13. [[BURRUM AN.NA]]
|The Sparkling Night-Sky of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|''[[Buššānītu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄑𒁕
|
|d01. [[DA|gišDA]]
|Bull's Jaw
|
|-
|
|
|Damkianna
|
|< Damkina. Goddess, wife of Enki/Ea. The normal form is Damkina; the extended form (with the component -an-na “of heaven”) is artificial. Used as the Akk. equivalent of Sum. Damgalnunna. dDam-ki-an-na. In MUL.APIN I i 20 associated with [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]] (The Wagon of Heaven)
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒈬
|
|d02. [[DAMU|d''Damu'']]
|The Pig
|
|-
|𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡)
|
|d03. [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]
|Jupiter; Marduk; Heroic, Military
|
|-
|𒁯𒈗𒄷
|
|d04. [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]]
|Mars; Rooster
|
|-
|𒁲
|
|d05. [[DI]]
|Judgment, sentence
|
|-
|𒀸𒁁
|
|d06. ''[[Dilbat]]''
|Venus
|variant: DILI.BAT
|-
|𒀸
|
|d07. [[DILI]]
|Single, unique, separate (star)
|
|-
|𒀸𒃻𒆲𒋙
|
|d08. DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2
|
|merged with (d07) [[DILI]]
|-
|𒀭
|
|d09. [[DINGIR]]
|Deity designation
|
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍
|
|d10. [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|Standing Gods
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍
|
|d11. [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]]
|Sitting Gods
|variant: mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš
|-
|𒀭𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓
|
|d12. [[DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD|dDU.ŠE.E GUD.UD]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|𒀭𒌉𒍣
|
|d13. [[DUMU.ZI|dDUMU.ZI]]
|Agricultural dying-and-rising deity; Saturn; The Hired Man
|variant Tammuz.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂊𒁀𒂊
|
|e01. ''E-pa''2-''e''
|one time use for Jupiter
|probably from ''Šul-pa2-e, see'' [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|-
|𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍
|
|e02. [[E-ra-ʼa-al-BU|''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒂊𒋫𒉆𒀭
|
|e03. [[E.TA.NAM.AN|dE.TA.NAM.AN]]
|Venus
|
|}

=== Page 2 (e04. d''E''2''-a'' to i15. ''is-lê)'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
! scope="col" style="width: 26%;" |Kurtik's terms
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|e04. [[E2-a|d''E''2''-a'']]
|Water deity
|
|-
|𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿
|
|e05. [[Bīt sakkî|E2 ''sak-ki-i'']]
|(Stars) ''bīt sakkî''
|read: (MUL.MEŠ) ''bīt sakkî''
|-
|𒂍𒉣𒇬
|
|e06. [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]]
|Enclosure, cattle pen
|
|-
|𒂊𒁺
|
|e07. ''[[Ēdu]]''
|Single, solitary, unique
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒌈
|
|e08. ''[[Elamātum]]''
|Ištar, the Elamite-one
|Elamattu(m)
|-
|𒄵𒇻𒅆
|
|ÉLLAG [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]]
|Stag
|= ''kalītu'' “kidney”: see also [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]].
|-
|𒂍𒆳
|
|[[Ekur|Ekur (''E2-kur'')]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|[[EN3.DUR|EN3.DUR]]
|navel
|in constellations

* (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] and
* (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾
|
|e09. [[EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA]]
|Jupiter; Lord of the heavenly stations
|
|-
|𒀭𒂍𒀀
|
|[[E2-a|Enki/Ea]]
|Water deity
|God of sweet water, crafts and wisdom, father of Asalluḫi/Marduk. dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, I ii 19, 26).
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒆤
|
|e10. [[En-lil2|d''En-lil'']]2
|Supreme deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏
|
|e11. [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]]
|Primordial deity; Lord of all me
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒀯
|
|e12. [[EN.MUL|dEN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lord Star
|
|-
|𒀭𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|The Shaggy Winter Star; The Mousey One
|
|-
|𒂗𒋼𒈾𒁇𒈝
|
|e13. *[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]]
|
|EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, now read dEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ
|-
|
|
|e14. ''Enzu''
|
|see [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|-
|
|
|e15. ''Epinnu''
|
|see [[APIN]]
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒆠𒃲
|
|e16. [[Ereš-ki-gal|d''Ereš-ki-gal'']]
|Deity of the Underworld
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|e17. ''[[Eridu]]''[[Eridu|ki]]
|
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|e18. [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣
|
|e19. ''[[MAR.GID2.DA|Eriqqu]]''
|Wagon
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GID2.DA]]
|-
|𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊
|
| ''[[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|Eriqqu ša šamê]]''
|Wagon of Heaven
|see [[MAR.GID2.DA AN.NA|mulMAR.GID2.DA AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏
|
|e20. [[Erra|d''Erra'']]
|Deity of the Underworld; Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲
|
|e21. [[Erragal|d''Erragal'']]
|Great Erra
|
|-
|
|
|e22. [[Eru (Disambiguation)]]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|''[[TE8.mušen|Erû / Arû (Eagle)]]''
|Eagle
|Akkadian parallel with [[TE8.mušen|mulTE8/TI8mušen]] "Eagle"
|-
|𒀭𒀀𒂔
|
|[[ERU (Goddess)|Erua]]
|Deity
|[[ERU (Goddess)]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒂵𒂵
|
|g01. ''[[Ga-ga]]''
|Mercury, Deity
|
|-
|𒃮
|
|g02. [[GABA]]
|Breast
|
|-
|
|
|g03. 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2
|
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒀭𒃲𒀀𒊒𒊒
|
|g04. [[GAL.A.RU.RU|dGAL.A.RU.RU]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|g05. [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']]
|The Circle
|
|-
|𒆛
|
|g06. [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|The Crook
|
|-
|
|
|g07. ''Gamlu''
|
|An Akkadian parallel to mulGAM3(=ZUBI) "staff," see (Kurtik g06)[[GAM3|GAM3]], merged.
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|g08. [[GAN2.UR3|giš]][[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|The Harrow
|
|-
|𒃽𒁷
|
|g09. [[GAŠAN.TIN]]
|The Lady of Life
|
|-
|𒌉
|
|g10. [[GENNA]]
|Saturn; "Constant"
|
|-
|𒄀𒄀
|
|g11. [[GI.GI]]
|Saturn, Libra; "The Star of Truth and Justice"
|
|-
|𒈪
|
|g12. [[GI6|GI6]]
|Mercury, Saturn; "The Dark Star"
|
|-
|𒀭𒉈𒄀
|
|g13. [[GIBIL6|dGIBIL6]]
|Fire deity Girra, Mercury
|
|-
|𒈪𒉭
|
|g14. [[GIG]]
|Mars; "Disease"
|
|-
|𒄑𒇀
|
|g15. [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]
|The Chariot
|
|-
|𒄃𒈠
|
|g16. [[GILIM.MA]]
|The Furrow
|
|-
|𒄈
|
|g17. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2]]
|The Scorpion
|abbreviation for [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|-
|𒄈𒀭𒈾
|
|g18. [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]]
|Heavenly Sword
|
|-
|𒄈𒋰
|
|g19. [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|The Scorpion
|
|-
|𒄊
|
|g20. [[GIR3|GIR3]]
|Leg (Paw)
|
|-
|
|
|[[Girra]]
|
|the fire god
|-
|𒄑𒁇
|
|g21. [[GIŠ.BAR]]
|Mars; Mercury
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|g22. [[ERIN2|GIŠ.ERIN2]]
|Yoke
|a late variant of [[ERIN2|ERIN2]]
|-
|
|
|[[GAN2.UR3|GIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR]]
|
|=''maškakātu'' “harrow”. mulGIŠ.GÁNA.ÙR (in MUL.APIN I ii 23)
|-
|𒄑𒆲
|
|g23. [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|Thigh
|
|-
|𒄑𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|GIŠ.RIN2]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈
|
|g24. ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
|Enraged Goat (?)
|
|-
|𒄖
|
|g25. [[GU.LA|GU]]
|Great, Giant
|late epoch abbreviation for [[GU.LA]]
|-
|𒄖𒀭𒈾
|
|g26. GU.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], spelling variant
|-
|𒄖𒆷
|
|g27. [[GU.LA]] or ''[[Gula]]''
|Healing deity; Great, Giant
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒄘𒀭𒈾
|
|g28. GU2.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄘𒄬
|
|g29. [[GU2.ḪAL|GU2.ḪAL]]
|(Star) Throat
|
|-
|𒄘𒄯
|
|g30. [[GU2.MUR|GU2.MUR]]
|Trachea, breathing throat (?)
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|GU3.AN.NA = KA.AN.NA
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒄞
|
|g31. GU4
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], abbreviation
|-
|𒄞𒄋
|
|g32. [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]]
|Buffalo
|= d''Kusarikku''
|-
|𒄞𒀭𒈾
|
|g33. [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]]
|The Heavenly Bull
|
|-
|𒄞𒌓
|
|g34. [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]]
|Bull of the Sun
|
|-
|𒀭𒄖𒆷
|
|g35. [[Gula|d''Gula'']]
|see:
|[[Gula (Disambiguation)|"Gula" (Disambiguation)]]
|-
|𒆸
|
|g36. GUR4
|
|only one source (SpTU V 262 r 5, W23303/4, parallel in von Soldt, p. 70 I 7), an omen, which should now be read DIŠ 20 KUR-ma MUL.MU]L NIGIN2 ... "If the 20 rises and a star(s) goes around ... ." So NIGIN2 (=GUR4) does not exist as a star name.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒄩𒁀𒍢𒊏𒉡
|
|h01. ''[[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Ḫabaṣīrānu]]''
|The Mousey One
|Akkadian equivalent for the [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ]]
|-
|𒆸𒁀𒌈
|
|h02. ''[[SA.GAZ|Ḫabbātu]]''
|Bandit/Outlaw
|Akkadian equivalent for [[SA.GAZ|mul lúSA.GAZ]]
|-
|𒀭𒈗
|
|h03. [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]
|Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)
|
|-
|𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒
|
|h04. [[Ḫar-ri-ru|d''Ḫar-ri-ru'']]
|Field Mouse
|
|-
|𒃶𒅅𒀀𒀀
|
|h05. [[ḪE2.GAL2-a-a|ḪE2.GAL2-''a-a'']]
|The Asterism of Abundance
|
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|h06. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]]
|The Goat-Fish
|redirect [[ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA|ḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA]] to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]]
|-
|𒄷𒉏
|
|h07. [[ḪU.NIM]]
|
|misreading
|-
|𒅆𒌨
|
|h08. [[ḪUL]]
|Mars; The Evil Star
|
|-
|𒈝𒁀
|
|h09. [[ḪUM.BA]]
|
|
|-
|𒂠
|
|h10. ḪUN
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒂠𒂷
|
|h11. ḪUN.GA2
|
|merged with (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇽𒂠𒂷
|
|h12. [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|The Hired Man
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌𒇷𒀊𒋥
|
|i01. [[I3-li2-ab-rat|''I''3''-li''2''-ab-rat'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤
|
|i02. [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E2.MAḪ]]
|
|
|-
|𒈦𒄘𒃼
|
|i03. [[IDIGNA]]
|
|
|-
|𒃷
|
|i04. [[AŠ.GAN|IKU, ''Ikû'']]
|The Field
|Akkadian parallel to mulAŠ.GAN2 "Field"; parts of the constellations Andromeda and Pegasus + some other southern stars from the zodiacal belt [G. 193; AHw, 370; CAD I, 69], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|-
|𒄿𒇻𒌝
|
|i05. ''[[DINGIR|Ilum]]''
|Deity logogram
|as a celestial name only in an Old Babylonian predictive text, the so-called Shileiko Tablet; see (Kurtik d09) [[DINGIR]].
|-
|𒀭𒅎
|
|i06. [[IM|dIM]]
|Storm Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒅎𒂂𒄷
|
|i07. [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]
|(Bird) Anzû
|
|-
|𒅎𒄀
|
|i08. [[IM.GI]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒅎𒋀
|
|i09. [[IM.ŠEŠ]]
|The Rainbow
|
|-
|𒅎𒋗𒆸𒈾
|
|i10. [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|The Furnace
|
|-
|𒀭𒅓𒁉
|
|i11. [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]
|The Seven Gods
|
|-
|𒅔𒁾𒀭𒈾
|
|i12. [[IN.DUB.AN.NA]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒈹
|
|i13. [[INANNA|dINANNA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅕𒁁𒅋
|
|i14. [[IR.BI4.IL|IR.BI4.IL]]
|Mars
|
|-
|𒄑𒇷
|
|i15. ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'' 
|Jaw [of the Bull of Heaven]
|
|}

=== Page 3 (i16. ''Iṣṣuru'' to m27. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒄑𒍮𒊒
|
|i16. ''[[Iṣṣuru]]''
|The Bird
|merged into (Kurtik m46) [[MUŠEN]]
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏
|
|i17. [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]
|Scorpius
|
|-
|
|
|[[IM|Iškur / Adad]]
|Storm Deity
|The storm god. dIŠKUR (MUL.APIN I ii 9, I ii 25-27).
|-
|𒀭𒅖𒋻
|
|i18. [[Ištar|d''Ištar'']]
|Venus; Deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒃰𒁲
|
|i19. [[Ištaran|d''Ištaran'']]
|Deity; The Snake
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒅗
|
|k01. [[KA]]
|The Dead Man, Mouth, the Fox
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒂃
|
|k02. [[KA.AN.DU8|KA.AN.DU8]]
|Portable Altar
|
|-
|𒅗𒀭𒈾
|
|k03. [[KA.AN.NA|*KA.AN.NA]]
|
|merged into (g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA, spelling variant]]
|-
|𒅗𒆟
|
|k04. [[KA.KEŠ2|KA.KEŠ2]]
|The Knot
|
|-
|𒅗𒈲𒉌𒅥𒂊
|
|k05. *[[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]]
|Obliterator
|merged into [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|-
|
|
|[[KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒈜𒀀
|
|k06. [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|The Fox
|
|-
|𒀭𒆏𒋫
|
|k07. [[KAB.TA|dKAB.TA]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|k08. ''[[Kayyamānu(m)|*Kajjamānu]]''
|
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu;'' now read ''Kayyamānu(m)''
|-
|𒆕𒉼
|
|k09. [[KAK.BAN]]
|The Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒋛𒁲
|
|k10. [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|(Types of) Arrow
|
|-
|𒆕𒌑𒋳𒂵
|
|k11. *[[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]]
|Arrow
|now read [[KAK.TAG.GA]]
|-
|𒆕𒅗𒁍
|
|k12. ''[[Kakkabu]]''
|Star, Luminary
|merged into [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|k13. ''[[UR.GI7|Kalbu]]''
|The Dog
|Merged into [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|-
|𒅗𒇷𒌅
|
|k14. ''[[BIR|Kalītu]]''
|The Kidney
|Is this now the same as BIR or are there some small differences - must check together
|-
|𒆗𒉈
|
|k15. [[KAL.NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒃸𒂄
|
|k16. [[KAR2.ŠUL|KAR2.ŠUL]]
|
|
|-
|𒆜𒌓
|
|k17. [[KASKAL.UTU|KASKAL.UD]]
|The Path of the Sun
|Formerly read KASKAL.UD, now read KASKAL.UTU
|-
|𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉌
|
|''[[Kayyamānu(m)|Kayyamānu]]''
|The Constant One
|Kurtik's spelling ''Kajjamānu''
|-
|𒆥𒍮
|
|k18. ''[[Kinṣu]]''
|Knee, shin
|
|-
|𒄒𒉺𒀜
|
|k19. ''[[GAM-ti|Kippatu]]''
|The Circle
|merged into the entry GAM-''ti''
|-
|
|
|[[KIR4|KIR4]]
|Hyena
|
|-
|𒆠𒄑𒀸
|
|k20. ''[[Kiṣru]]''
|Lamp, knot, cluster
|
|-
|𒈩
|
|k21. [[KIŠIB]]
|Hand
|
|-
|𒆤𒌓
|
|k22. ''[[Kittu]]''
|Saturn; Star of truth (and justice)
|
|-
|𒆪𒊒𒈾
|
|k23. *KU.RU.NA
|
|To be read [[Andurunna]] - cosmic region and divine name - see Horowitz MCG 225
|-
|𒄩
|
|k24. [[KU6|KU6]]
|The Fish
|
|-
|𒆪𒈠𒊒
|
|k25. ''[[Kumāru]] ''
|Shoulder
|
|-
|𒆲
|
|k26. [[KUN]]
|Tail
|part of constellations such as Swallow and Anunitu
|-
|𒆲𒈨𒌍 𒋆𒈤
|
|k27. [[KUN|KUNme(š)]] ša [[SIM.MAḪ|mulSIM.MAḪ]]
|Tails of the Swallow
|constellation in Pisces,
merged into (Kurtik k26) [[KUN]]
|-
|𒆳𒄀𒀀𒄷
|
|k28. [[KUR.GI.A|KUR.GI.Amušen]]
|Chicken
|
|-
|𒇽𒉽𒊏
|
|k29. [[KUR2.RA|lu2KUR2.RA]]
|Mars; Enemy, stranger, alien
|
|-
|𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪
|
|k30. [[GU4.ALIM|d''Kusarikkum'']]
|Buffalo
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]] (only the Sumerian occurs and only one time)
|-
|
|
|Kusu
|
|Goddess of the cultic censer, mainly occurring in purification rituals. Her name is also an ancient epithet and later byname of the grain goddess Nissaba. See Michalowski 1993, 158–159; Simons 2018. dKù-sù (MUL.APIN I ii 28).
|-
|𒆵
|
|k31. [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]]
|Water animal
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒆷𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|L01. [[La ŠID.MEŠ|''la'' ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Mars; A Star Beyond Calculation
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺
|
|L02. dLA.KU.DU
|Mercury
|read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury, merged into [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒆗
|
|L03. [[LAMMA|dLAMMA]]
|The She-Goat
|
|-
|<s>𒇴𒈬</s>
|
|L04. ''[[Lammu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒆷𒋫
|
|L05. [[Lātarāk|d''Lātarāk'']]
|The Lion
|
|-
|𒇷𒄙
|
|L06. *LI.DUR
|Navel
|now read [[LI.DUR]]
|-
|𒉈𒋜
|
|L07. [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]] , Lisi(n)
|
|
|-
|𒇻
|
|L08. LU
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒇻𒅆
|
|L09. [[LU.LIM]]
|Stag
|
|-
|𒇻𒈦
|
|L10. [[LU.MAŠ]]
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇽
|
|L11. LU2
|Hired Man (Aries)
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒀭𒇽𒋭
|
|L12. [[LU2.LAL3|dLU2.LAL3]]
|Twin Deity paired iwth Latarak
|
|-
|𒇻𒁍𒍑𒌈
|
|L13. ''[[Lubuštum]]''
|(Asterism) Garment
|
|-
|𒈗
|
|L14. [[LUGAL]]
|King
|
|-
|𒈗𒂍𒃲
|
|L15. [[LUGAL.E2.GAL|LUGAL.E2.GAL]]
|King of the Palace
|
|-
|𒀭𒈗𒄊𒊏
|
|L16. [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]]
|Mighty Lord
|
|-
|
|
|LÚ.ḪUĜ.ĜÁ
|
|see [[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]]
|-
|𒈜𒆷
|
|L17. [[LUL.LA]]
|False (Lying) Star
|
|-
|𒇻𒇷𒈬
|
|L18. ''[[Lulīmu]]''
|Stag
|see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
|-
|𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗)
|
|L19. ''[[Lumāšu]]''
|Constellation
|
|-
|𒇻𒁾𒉡
|
|L20. ''[[Lumnu]]''
|Evil Star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈣𒋽
|
|m01. [[MA2.GUR8|MA2.GUR8]]
|Ship, Vessel
|
|-
|𒄑𒈣𒋛𒀀𒂵
|
|m02. [[MA2.DIRI.GA|gišMA2.DIRI.GA]]
|Ferry (Boat, Crossing)
|
|-
|𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋
|
|m03. ''[[Makrû]]''
|Mars; Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|m04. [[MAN]]
|Sun God, Šamaš
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒈠
|
|m05. [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']]
|Strange Star
|
|-
|𒌋𒌋𒍝𒌈
|
|m06. ''[[TIR.AN.NA|Manzât]]''
|Rainbow
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[TIR.AN.NA]], Rainbow
|-
|𒈥
|
|m07. [[MAR]]
|Wagon (shortened form)
|
|-
|𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕
|
|m08. [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]]
|Wagon
|
|-
|𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾
|
|m09. [[MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA|MAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA]]
|The Wagon of Heaven
|
|-
|𒈥𒌅
|
|m10. [[MAR.TU]]
|Western Star
|
|-
|
|
|Mār-bīti
|
|“Son of the House (Temple)”. A god worshipped in the city of Der. Originally, the name was perhaps an epithet of the snake god Niraḫ as attested in an inscription by Nebuchadnezzar I (see Paulus, AOAT 51, 507, NKU I 1, II 69). gišTUKUL ''šá'' dA/DUMU-É (EA 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒈠𒊒𒁺𒊌
|
|m11. [[Marduk|d''Marduk'']]
|Supreme deity of Babylon; Jupiter or Mercury
|
|-
|𒈥𒊏𒌈
|
|m12. ''[[Marratu]]''
|Rainbow
|
|-
|𒈦
|
|m13. [[MAŠ.MAŠ|MAŠ]]
|
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈦𒀀𒋾
|
|m14. [[Maš-a-ti|''Maš''-''a-ti'']]
|Pair of Stars (general)
|
|-
|𒈦𒈦)
|
|m15. [[MAŠ.MAŠ]]
|The Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀
|
|m16. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲
|
|m17. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉
|
|m18. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]
|Small Twins
|
|-
|𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|m19. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''2 IGI-''it'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Twins, which (stand) opposite to the Faithful Shepherd of Anu
|
|-
|𒄑𒃷𒃡
|
|m20. ''[[GAN2.UR3|Maškakātu]]''
|The Harrow
|Akkadian parallel to [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]]
|-
|𒈠𒀀𒋗
|
|m21. ''[[MAŠ.MAŠ|Māšū]]''
|Gemini
|merged into MAŠ.MAŠ
|-
|𒈧
|
|m22. [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]]
|Goat-Fish (abbreviation)
|
|-
|
|
|m23. ME.GAR
|Jupiter
|abbreviation for [[SAG.ME.GAR]], merged there
|-
|𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀
|
|m24. [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|dMES.LAM.TA.E3.A]]
|Deity; Mars; Saturn; "He who comes/comes from Meslam"
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚
|
|m25. ''[[mišḫu]]''
|Radiance
|
|-
|𒈨𒋚𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|m26. [[Mišiḫ dPA.BIL.SAG|''mišiḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|The radiance of Pabilsag
|
|-
|
|
|[[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU]]
|
|abbreviation for [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕
|
|m27. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA]]
|(Bound/hitched) yoke
|
|}

=== Page 4 (m28. MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA to p07. ''Puššaītu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒈬𒁍𒂡𒁕𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|m28. [[MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA|MU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒀯
|
|m29. [[MUL]]
|Star, luminary
|
|-
|𒀭𒀯𒀭𒋛𒀀𒀀
|
|m30. [[MUL.AN.DIRI.A|dMUL.AN.DIRI.A]]
|Venus; The dominant star of the sky
|
|-
|𒀯𒀭𒈾
|
|m31. [[MUL.AN.NA]]
|Moon deity; Celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒃲
|
|m32. [[MUL.(d)GAL|MUL.GAL]]
|Big celestial object
|
|-
|𒀯𒆠𒃲
|
|m33. [[MUL.KI.GAL]]
|Venus; Star of the great earth
|
|-
|𒀯𒈨𒌍𒅗𒀀𒀀𒀀𒈠𒉡𒌅
|
|m34. [[MUL.MEŠ kayyamānūtu|MUL.MEŠ ''kayyamānūtu'']]
|Reliable stars
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯
|
|m35. [[MUL.MUL]]
|Bristles, mane; lit. "(the) Stars"
|
|-
|𒀯𒀯𒆷
|
|m36. [[MUL.MUL.LA]]
|Arrow
|or: ''mulmullu''. “arrow”: see [[KAK.SI.SA2|GAG.SI.SÁ]].
|-
|𒋼
|
|m37. [[MUL2|MUL2]]
|Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒋼𒌓
|
|m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|Jupiter; White Star
|
|-
|𒋼𒋃𒈨𒌍
|
|m39. [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]]
|Stars (for) counting
|"normal stars"
|-
|𒌌
|
|m40. [[MUL4|MUL4]]
|Star, constellation
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|
|
|m41. [[MULx|MULx]]
|
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌘
|
|m42. [[MURUB4|MURUB4]]
|Middle (part)
|
|-
|𒈲
|
|m43. [[MUŠ]]
|Snake
|
|-
|𒈲𒄭𒄊
|
|m44. [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ]]
|Ferocious serpent
|
|-
|
|
|[[MUŠ.ḪUŠ|(mul)''mušḫuššu'']]
|
|see (Kurtik m44)
|-
|𒈲𒈫𒊕𒂵
|
|m45. [[MUŠ.MIN.SAG.GA]]
|
|Kurtik (2007) reads "Two-headed serpent" as a synonym for Venus, but the reading should be MUL ALLA A.SAG.GA2 for an asterism in [[ALLA]] ([[Cancer]])
|-
|𒄷
|
|m46. [[MUŠEN]]
|The Bird
|
|-
|𒈲𒋫𒊑𒇻
|
|m47. ''[[Muštarīlu]]''
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒈿
|
|n01. [[NA2|NA2]]
|Jupiter; Bed-star
|
|-
|𒀯𒈾𒁉𒁾
|
|n02. [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]
|Mercury; Deity of wisdom
|
|-
|𒉄
|
|n03. [[NAGAR]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|n04. ''[[KUR2.RA|Nakaru]]''
|Enemy, Stranger
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[KUR2.RA|KUR2.RA]]
|-
|
|
|n05. ''[[NU.MUŠ.DA|Nammaššû]]''
|Herds of (wild) animals
|Akkadian equivalent of Sumerian [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|-
|𒀭𒋀𒆠
|
|n06. [[NANNA|dNANNA]]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|
|
|n07. ''[[GIGIR|Narkabtu]]''
|The Chariot
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIGIR|mul gišGIGIR]], "Chariot"
|-
|𒈾𒊍𒊏𒁍
|
|n08. ''[[Naṣrapu]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|n09. ''[[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|Nattullu]]''
|Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|-
|
|
|n10. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|''Nattullu'' ''arkīti'']]
|Back of the Harness
|Akkadian parallel to (Kurtik sh21) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|-
|𒉈
|
|n11. [[NE]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒃻
|
|n12. [[NE.GAR]]
|
|
|-
|𒉈𒄀𒉈𒃻
|
|n13. [[NE.GI.IZI.GAR]]
|Torch of Girra
|
|-
|𒉈𒉈𒃻
|
|n14. [[NE.NE.GAR]]
|Deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒁉𒊒
|
|n15. ''[[Nēberu]]''
|Ferry, ford, crossing
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑
|
|n16. ''[[Nebû]]''
|Brilliant star
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|n17. ''[[UR.NIG|Nēltu]]''
|Lioness
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.NIG]]
|-
|𒀭𒌋𒄥
|
|n18. [[Nergal|d''Nergal'']]
|Deity of the underworld
|
|-
|
|
|n19. ''[[UR.MAH|Nēšu]]''
|The Lion
|Akkadian parallel to [[UR.MAḪ]]
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒃮𒋙
|
|n20. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]]
|A star with great brilliance on his (Demon with the Gaping Mouth) breast
|
|-
|𒉌𒁍𒌑𒃻𒀯𒋗𒄀
|
|n21. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|''ne''2''-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] '' ''
|(Star) with great brilliance in the Old Man
|
|-
|𒉎𒍪
|
|n22. [[NI2.ZU|NI2.ZU]]
|Thief
|
|-
|𒉏𒈠𒆠
|
|n23. [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]]
|Star of Elam
|
|-
|
|
|n24. ''[[UD.KA.DU8.A|Nimru]]''
|Panther
|Akkadian parallel to [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒍪
|
|n25. [[NIN.A.ZU|dNIN.A.ZU]]
|Deity; Lord who knows water
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀭𒈾
|
|n26. [[NIN.AN.NA|dNIN.AN.NA]]
|Ištar; Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|
|
|gišNÍNDA
|
|= ''ittû'' “seed-funnel”: see mulAPIN (MUL.APIN I i 2).
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢
|
|n27. [[NIN.GIR2.SU|dNIN.GIR2.SU]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄊
|
|n28. [[NIN.GIR3|dNIN.GIR3]]
|Lord of strength
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄑𒍣𒁕
|
|n29. [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA|dNIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA]]
|Deity; Lord of the true (or: reliable) tree
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺
|
|n30. [[NIN.GIRIM3|NIN.GIRIM3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Ningublaga
|
|Bull god, considered as a son of the moon god Nanna/Sîn. dNingublaga (EN 7–8r).
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒄢𒋾
|
|n31. [[NIN.GUL.TI]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒅗𒋛
|
|n32. [[NIN.KA.SI]]
|(Star) Lady of the (wine-filled) mouth
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋝𒋙𒁷
|
|n33. [[NIN.KILIM]]
|Mongoose
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒆤
|
|n34. [[NIN.LIL2|NIN.LIL2]]
|Deity; Lady of the Air
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒈤
|
|n35. [[NIN.MAḪ]]
|Deity; Foremost lady
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯
|
|n36. [[NIN.MUL|dNIN.MUL]]
|Primordial deity; Lady Stars
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒉣𒁕
|
|n37. dNIN.MUL.NUN.DA
|Deity; Lady of the great stars
|occurs in one text only, '''Text K. 2054.''' "Lady of the great stars"(?). An epithet of the goddess Ningal, believed to be the consort of the moon god Sina [Gössmann 325; Tallqvist 1938, 415].
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒀯𒋜𒀀
|
|n38. [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]
|Deity; Lady of the red star
|
|-
|
|
|[[NIN.SAR|Nin-nisig]]
|
|
|-
|(𒀭𒊩𒌆𒉺𒀯𒂊𒋛
|
|n39. [[NIN.PA.MUL.E.SI|dNIN.PA.MUL.E.SI]]
|Deity
|Not a star-name, but that of a goddess whose attire is 'full' of stars.
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒊬
|
|n40. [[NIN.SAR]]
|Deity
|should now be read mul / dNin-nisig
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜
|
|n41. [[NIN.SI4|NIN.SI4]]
|Red Lady
|
|-
|𒊩𒌆𒋜𒀭𒈾
|
|n42. [[NIN.SI4.AN.NA|NIN.SI4.AN.NA]]
|Red Lady of Heaven
|
|-
|𒀭𒊩𒌆𒅁
|
|n43. [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]
|Agriculture deity
|
|-
|𒀭𒉌𒊏𒄷
|
|n44. [[Niraḫ|d''Niraḫ'']]
|Snake deity
|
|-
|𒉌𒄿𒊒
|
|n45. ''[[Nīru]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍑𒀀𒂠
|
|n46. [[NITA.A.ŠE3|NITA.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒊨𒅇
|
|n47. [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒈨𒀀
|
|n48. [[NU.ME.A]]
|(Star of) nothingness
|
|-
|𒉡𒈲𒁕
|
|n49. [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]
|Deity; Herds of (wild) animals
|
|-
|𒉣𒆠
|
|n50. [[NUNki|NUNki]]
|
|
|-
|𒉣𒉽𒉽
|
|n51. [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉣𒈨
|
|n52. [[NUN.ME]]
|(Star)-Sage
|
|-
|𒀭𒉣𒊬𒀀
|
|n53. [[NUN.SAR.A|dNUN.SAR.A]]
|Venus
|
|-
|𒉡𒉡
|
|n54. ''[[Nūnu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒌆
|
|n55. [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']]
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|p01. PA
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒉼
|
|[[PAN]]
|Bow
|
|-
|𒉺𒉈
|
|p02. PA.BIL
|
|see p03. [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL.SAG]]
|-
|𒀭𒉺𒉈𒊕
|
|p03. d[[PA.BIL.SAG]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|p04. ''[[AD6|Pagru]]''
|Body, corpse
|see a06. [[AD6|AD6]]
|-
|𒀭𒉽𒈛
|
|p05. [[PAP.SUKKAL|dPAP.SUKKAL]]
|Messenger deity
|
|-
|𒉿𒍮𒌑
|
|p06. ''[[Peṣû]]''
|
|see m38. [[MUL2.BABBAR|MUL2.BABBAR]]
|-
|𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈
|
|p07. ''[[Puššānītu|Puššanītu]]''
|
|
|}

=== Page 5 (q01. ''Qaštu'' to u06. UD.KA.DU8.A) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|
|
|q01. ''Qaštu''
|Bow
| rowspan="2" |merged into [[PAN|mulPAN]] as it occurs only in lexical lists
|-
|
|
|''Qaštum Elamātum''
|Elamite Bow
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊏𒁍𒌑
|
|r01. ''[[GU.LA|Rabû]]''
|Great (man)
|Akkadian parallel to [[GU.LA]] - should just be a link to GU.LA
|-
|𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈
|
|r02. ''[[GIŠ.KUN|Rapaštu]]''
|Thigh
|Akkadian parallel to [[GIŠ.KUN]]
|-
|𒊐𒁍
|
|r03. ''[[Rappu]]''
|Jupiter, Venus; Bridle, leash
|
|-
|𒂟
|
|[[ERIN2|RIN2]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒊑𒅆𒁁
|
|r04. [[RI.ŠI.BE]]
|
|
|-
|𒈩𒌓
|
|r05. ''[[KIŠIB|Rittu]]''
|Hand
|Akkadian parallel to mul[[KIŠIB]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒇽𒌑𒄤
|
|s01. [[SA.GAZ|lu2]][[SA.GAZ]]
|Bandit, Outlaw
|
|-
|𒌑𒊑
|
|s02. [[SA.RI]]
|Wild Cat
|
|-
|𒄷𒈿
|
|s03. [[(MUL) SA4|SA4]]
|(Star) with great brilliance
|
|-
|𒋛𒀀
|
|s04. [[SA5|SA5]]
|Red, Fiery Red
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺
|
|s05. [[SAG.DU]]
|Head, top, upper part
|
|-
|𒊕𒁺𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|s06. SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA
|Lion's head
|merged into (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒊕𒆕𒀀
|
|s07. [[SAG.DU3.A|SAG.DU3.A]]
|Triangle
|?
|-
|𒊕𒋻
|
|s08. [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]]
|First in (making) decisions
|
|-
|𒊕𒈨𒃻
|
|s09. [[SAG.ME.GAR]]
|Jupiter
|var.: SAĜ.ME.ĜAR
|-
|𒊕𒍑
|
|s10. [[SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Constant, unchanging, lasting
|
|-
|𒊩𒀀𒂠
|
|s11. [[SAL.A.ŠE3|SAL.A.ŠE3]]
|Venus; (Star for) Women
|
|-
|𒊩𒂑𒊮𒂵
|
|s12. [[SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA|SAL.ARḪUŠ.ŠA3.GA]]
|Venus; (Star of) Woman
|
|-
|𒊬𒀀
|
|s13. [[SAR.A]]
|
|
|-
|𒊬𒄷𒋛
|
|s14. [[SAR.U5|SAR.U5]]
|
|
|-
|𒊓𒅈𒊒
|
|s15. ''[[LUL.LA|Sarru]]''
|False (Lying) Star
|Akkadian parallel to [[LUL.LA]]
|-
|
|
|''Sebettu''
|
|“The Seven”, heptad of warlike gods, sometimes associated with the netherworld. d7.BI (AN 5r).
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒊬𒀀
|
|s16. [[SI.MU2.A|dSI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; growing(?) horn
|
|-
|𒋛
|
|SI
|
|= ''qarnu''. “horn”: see [[GIR2.TAB|mulGÍR.TAB]].
|-
|𒋜
|
|s17. [[SI4|SI4]]
|Red, Lisi
|Abbreviation of Kurtik L9 [[LI9.SI4|mul / dLI9.SI4]]
|-
|𒅊
|
|s18. [[SIG7|SIG7]]
|Mars, Venus; Yellow-green (yellow, green) star
|
|-
|𒋆𒈤
|
|s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|Swallow
|
|-
|𒀭𒌍
|
|s20. [[Sîn|d''Sîn'']]
|Moon deity
|
|-
|𒉺𒇻
|
|s21. SIPA
|Faithful Shepherd of Anu
|merged into (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾
|
|s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|Faithful Shepherd of Heaven
|
|-
|𒋀𒌍𒉡
|
|''[[Sissinnu]]''
|Frond, branch
|
|-
|𒋦
|
|s23. SUḪUR
|Goat-Fish
|merged into (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|𒋦𒈧
|
|s24. [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|The Goat-Fish
|
|-
|
|
|s25. ''[[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|Suḫurmāšu]]''
|
|Akkadian parallel to [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒉌
|
|ts01. ''[[Ṣalbatānu|Ṣal]]''
|abbreviation
|merged into ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|-
|𒉌𒁁𒀀𒉡
|
|ts02. ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''
|Mars
|
|-
|𒉌𒈝𒈬𒌑
|
|ts03. [[Ṣallummû|Ṣ''allummu'']]
|Term for comets, meteors, obscure auroras
|
|-
|𒍝𒊑𒊒
|
|ts04. [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA|Ṣ''āriru'']]
|Sparkling (flaring) star
|Akkadian parallel to [[AN.TA.ŠUR.RA]]
|-
|𒇡𒊒
|
|ts05. [[Ṣarru|Ṣ''arru'']]
|Sparkling (star)
|
|-
|𒀫𒊒)
|
|ts06. [[Ṣurru|Ṣ''urru'']]
|Obsidian star
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒊮𒉣𒇬𒊏𒂠
|
|sh01. [[ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3|ŠA3.TUR3.RA.ŠE3]]
|(Star) for the uterus
|
|-
|𒋚
|
|sh02. [[ŠAḪ]]
|The Pig
|
|-
|
|
|''Šala''
|
|Goddess, wife of the storm god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain. dŠa-la ''šubu-ul-tu''4 (MUL.APIN I ii 10, AN 15r).
|-
|𒌋𒌋
|
|sh03. [[Šamaš|d''Šamaš'']]
|Sun god
|
|-
|𒃻𒉡𒌝𒈠
|
|sh04. ''[[Šanûmma]]''
|Strange (star)
|
|-
|𒄭𒄤
|
|sh05. [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒄭𒌴
|
|sh06. [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]]
|on the sting of the Scorpius
|
|-
|𒊺𒇷𒁍
|
|sh07. ''[[KA5.A|Šēlebu]]''
|The Fox
|Akkadian parallel to [[KA5.A|KA5.A]]
|-
|𒅆𒁍𒌑
|
|sh08. ''[[Šību]]''
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒅆𒄴𒂅
|
|sh09. ''[[Šiḫṭu|Šiḫtu]]''
|Mercury, Mars; Leap
|
|-
|𒋻𒉺
|
|sh10. [[(MUL2) šil PA|''šil'' PA]]
|Star with great brilliance at the end of Pabilsag's arrow
|
|-
|𒅆𒅋𒋫𒄷
|
|sh11. ''[[Šiltāḫu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒋛𒈬𒌓
|
|sh12. [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']]
|Deity
|
|-
|
|
|sh13. ''Šinūnūtu''
|
|see s19. [[SIM.MAḪ]]
|-
|
|
|sh14. ''Šitadallu''
|
|see s22. [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒋗
|
|sh15. [[ŠU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|''[[šubtu]]''
|
|“seat”, “throne”. ''šu-bat'' dA-num (MUL.APIN I i 7, EN 9r). ''šu-bat'' dÉ-a (MUL.APIN I i 40, EA 1r).
|-
|
|
|''šubultu''(''m'')
|
|“ear (of grain)”: see Šala
|-
|𒋗𒄀
|
|sh16. [[ŠU.GI]]
|Old Man
|
|-
|𒋗𒉺
|
|sh17. [[ŠU.PA]]
|Magnificent, brilliant
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈
|
|sh18. [[ŠUDUN]]
|Yoke
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒃻𒀀𒀊𒁀
|
|sh19. [[ŠUDUN ša2 A.AB.BA|ŠUDUN ''ša''2 A.AB.BA]]
|Yoke of the Sea
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲
|
|sh20. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒀲𒂕𒋾
|
|sh21. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']]
|
|
|-
|𒋙𒂈𒅎𒍇𒇻
|
|sh22. [[ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU|ŠUDUN.IM.U18.LU]]
|
|
|-
|
|
|mul[[ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MA|ŠUDUN KUR.ELAM.MAki]]
|
|
|-
|𒋗𒆪𒁺
|
|sh23. ''[[Šukūdu]]''
|Arrow
|
|-
|𒀭𒂄𒄀
|
|sh24. [[ŠUL.GI|dŠUL.GI]]
|Shulgi
|
|-
|𒂄𒉺𒌓𒁺
|
|sh25. [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]]
|A youngster appears with brilliance
|
|-
|𒉺
|
|sh26. ''[[Šullat]]''
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|t01. [[Tak-ša2-a-ti|''Tak-ša''2''-a-tu2'']]
|
|
|-
|𒀉𒄷
|
|... [[TE8.mušen|TE8mušen]]
|
|
|-
|𒀭𒋾𒊬𒀀
|
|t02. [[TI.MU2.A|dTI.MU2.A]]
|Venus; Sparkling
|
|-
|𒋾𒅅𒁍
|
|t03. ''[[Tikpu]]''
|Spot, speckled
|
|-
|𒋾𒉡𒊒
|
|t04. ''Tinūru''
|Furnace
|see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]]
|-
|𒌁𒀭𒈾
|
|t05. [[TIR.AN.NA]]
|Rainbow
|
|-
|
|
|''Tišpak''
|
|Chthonic deity, associated with a dragon, city god of Ešnunna, rarely attested in the 1st mill. The sign MÚŠ used for Tišpak is very similar to the sign MÙŠ for Inanna. In MUL.APIN, dMÚŠ is most probably to be emended to dINANNA! since the preceding mulBAL.TÉŠ.A is explained as the goddess Nanaya in 5R 46: 10, and since Nanaya, a hypostasis of Inanna in Uruk, is much more likely to be a vizier of Inanna than a vizier of Tišpak. dMÚŠ (MUL.APIN I i 14).
|-
|𒀭𒌅𒌅
|
|t06. [[TU.TU|dTU.TU]]
|Mercury, Jupiter; Supreme deity Marduk
|
|-
|
|
|gišTUKUL
|
|= kakku “weapon”: see Mār-bīti(m).
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬
|
|t07. ''[[Tūʼamū]]''
|Gemini
|
|-
|𒌅𒄴𒌑𒈬𒃲𒈨𒌍
|
|t08. [[Tūʼamū GAL.MEŠ|''Tūʼamū'' GAL.MEŠ]]
|Great Twins
|
|-
|𒌋𒌆𒌈
|
|t09. ''[[Tūltu]]''
|Worm, larva
|
|-
|𒉣𒇬
|
|t10. [[TUR3|TUR3]]
|Venus; Corral
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|𒌋𒊑𒊑
|
|u01. [[U.RI.RI]]
|Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|[[U2.GE.E|U2.GE.E]]
|
|
|-
|𒌓𒉌𒇷
|
|u02. [[U4.ZAL.LE|U4.ZAL.LE]]
|Venusl Star of radiance/morning
|
|-
|𒄷𒋛𒌷𒅔
|
|u03. [[U5.RI2.IN|U5.RI2.IN]]
|
|
|-
|𒇇
|
|u04. [[U8|U8]]
|Ewe
|= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).
|-
|𒀠𒋻
|
|u05. [[UD.AL.TAR]]
|Jupiter; Heroic
|
|-
|𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀
|
|u06. [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]]
|Demon with the Gaping Mouth
|var. read.: mulU4.KA.DU8.A
|}

=== Page 6 (u07. UDU.IDIM to z12. ''Zuqaqīpu'') ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!cuneiform
(OB)
!cuneiform (NA)
!scope="col" style="width: 26%;"|Kurtik's term
!scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |English
!scope="col" style="width: 54%;" |our note
|-
|𒇻𒁁
|
|u07. [[UDU.IDIM]]
|Mars, Mercury, Saturn; Wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓
|
|u08. [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]]
|Mercury; Leaping wild sheep
|
|-
|𒇻𒁁𒊕𒍑
|
|u09. [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]
|Saturn; Wild sheep (moving on) steadily, Permanent planet
|
|-
|𒇻𒀴
|
|u10. [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]]
|Star-Lamb
|
|-
|𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷
|
|u11. [[UGA|UGAmušen]]
|Raven
|
|-
|
|
|[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]
|Mars, Raven?
|
|-
|𒌌
|
|u12. [[UL]]
|(Shooring) Star, luminary
|merged with [[MUL]]
|-
|𒌢
|
|u13. [[UMBIN]]
|
|
|-
|𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈
|
|u14. ''[[ummulūtu]]''
|Dim (misty, twinkling) stars
|
|-
|𒌦𒉡𒌓
|
|u15. ''[[unnutu]]''
|Dim star
|
|-
|𒌨
|
|u16. [[UR]]
|Leo; The Lion
|see [[UR.GU.LA]]
|-
|𒌨𒀀
|
|u17. [[UR.A]]
|Leo; The Lion
|UR.A is an abbreviation of (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]] in the constellation of Leo, The Lion. see also: (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]].
|-
|𒌨𒁇𒊏
|
|u18. [[UR.BAR.RA]]
|Wolf
|
|-
|𒌨𒂠
|
|u19. [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]
|Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒄖𒆷
|
|u20. [[UR.GU.LA]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁
|
|u21. [[UR.IDIM]]
|Mad Dog
|
|-
|𒌨𒈤
|
|u22. [[UR.MAH|UR.MAḪ]]
|Lion
|
|-
|𒌨𒊩𒌨
|
|u23. [[UR.NIG]]
|Lioness
|
|-
|𒌨𒆪
|
|[[UR.GI7|UR.KU]]
|The Dog
|now read UR.GI7
|-
|𒌫𒆲
|
|u24. [[UR2.KUN|UR2.KUN]]
|Hip, Pelvis
|
|-
|𒌨𒁁𒈬
|
|u25. ''[[Uridimmu|Ur(i)dimmu]]''
|Mad Dog
|see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]]
|-
|𒌨𒌝𒀭𒈾
|
|u26. ''Ur-um'' AN.NA
|Celestial Light
|see (Kurtik b13) [[BURRUM AN.NA|BURRUM]] [[BURRUM AN.NA|AN.NA]]
|-
|𒀭𒄝𒉺𒂖
|
|u27. [[USAN2.PA.SIKIL|dUSAN2.PA.SIKIL]]
|Venus; Goddess of the Stars
|
|-
|𒌑𒋩𒋾
|
|u28. ''[[Uṣurtu]]''
|Drawing, Image
|
|-
|𒅜𒍪
|
|u29. [[UŠ12.ZU|UŠ12.ZU]]
|Sorceress; Goat(-Fish)
|
|-
|𒀭𒌓
|
|u30. [[UTU|dUTU]]
|Sun deity
|
|-
|𒍚
|
|u31. [[UZ3|UZ3]]
|Goat
|
|-
|𒀭𒍝𒂷𒂷
|
|z01. [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]]
|Warlike deity
|
|-
|𒍠𒃻
|
|z02. [[ZAG.GAR]]
|Consort of the Lady of the plains
|
|-
|𒈽𒀖𒁍
|
|z03. ''[[Zappu]]''
|Stubble (Mane)
|
|-
|𒀭𒇡𒉺𒉌𒌈
|
|z04. [[Zapānītu|d''Za(r)pānītu'']] ''/''
''Zerpānītu''
|Deity, wife of Marduk
|
|-
|𒍝𒊒𒌑
|
|z05. ''[[Zarû]]''
|Drawbar, Cart pole
|
|-
|𒍣
|
|z06. ZI
|
|see [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾
|
|z07. [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|Scales
|
|-
|𒍦𒈨
|
|z08. [[ZIB|ZIBme]]
|Tails
|
|-
|𒀭𒍨
|
|z09. [[ZIB2|dZIB2]]
|Venus; (Extremely) good, delectable
|
|-
|𒍣𒁀𒉌𒌈
|
|z10. ''Zibānītum''
|Balance
|Akkadian for Sumerian [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]]
|-
|𒍨𒁍
|
|z11. ''[[Ziqpu]]''
|
|
|-
|𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍
|
|z12. ''Zuqaqīpu''
|Scorpius
|see [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]
|}

=== Acknowledgements ===
Over the course of working with Gennady Kurtik's material, the following scholars (in alphabetical order) helped revisiting it:

* David Hilder
* Euin Choung Kim
* Roland Laffitte
* Youngjea Lee
* Jan Safford

[[Category:Service]]
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]

Amateru

2026-07-07T09:45:28Z

Sushoff:

[[File:Amateru profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ain-Amateru profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Ain stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ain - stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Amateru is an IAU name for an exoplanet. Its host star is [[Ain]] in the constellation of [[Taurus]]. Suggested by the country of Japan, it follows the name theme NEWC 2015
==Etymology and History==
"Amateru" is a common Japanese appellation for shrines when they enshrine Amaterasu, the Shinto goddess of the Sun, born from the left eye of the god Izanagi. (Note 2)

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN in the 2015 NameExoWorlds Campaign (NEWC).

== Weblinks ==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Exoplanet]] [[Category:Japanese]] [[Category:East Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]

Amateru

2026-07-07T09:44:53Z

Sushoff:

[[File:Amateru profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ain-Amateru profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Ain stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ain - stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Amateru is an IAU name for an exoplanet. Its host star is [[Ain]] in the constellation of [[Taurus]]. Suggested by the country of Japan, it follows the name theme NEWC 2015
==Etymology and History==
"Amateru" is a common Japanese appellation for shrines when they enshrine Amaterasu, the Shinto goddess of the Sun, born from the left eye of the god Izanagi. (Note 2)

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN in the 20xx NameExoWorlds Campaign (NEWC).

== Weblinks ==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Exoplanet]] [[Category:Japanese]] [[Category:East Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]

Amateru

2026-07-07T09:44:39Z

Sushoff:

[[File:Amateru profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Ain-Amateru profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Ain stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Ain - stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Amateru is an IAU name for an exoplanet. Its host star is [[Ain]] in the constellation of [[Taurus]]. Suggested by the country of Japan, it follows the name theme NEWC 2015
==Etymology and History==
"Amateru" is a common Japanese appellation for shrines when they enshrine Amaterasu, the Shinto goddess of the Sun, born from the left eye of the god Izanagi. (Note 2)

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN in the 20xx NameExoWorlds Campaign (NEWC).

== Weblinks ==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Exoplanet]] [[Category:Japanese]] [[Category:East Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]

TE8.mušen

2026-07-07T06:17:16Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TE8mušen, mul''Erû''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = 𒋼𒄷 (TE.MUŠEN)
| native = 𒋼𒄷
| translation = Eagle
| pronounce = TE.MUŠEN (Eru)
| IPA = /te:muʃen/
| culture = Babylonia
| RA = 281.7936426 to 311.6645826
| dec = -4.882562746 to 16.12429395
| areatotal = 402.03
| numbermainstars = 105
| numberbfstars = 83
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 3
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = [[Altair]]
| starmagnitude = 0.76
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Aql, Ser, Del
| notes =
| cat = constellation
}}
mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of [[Aquila]] (Latin), The Eagle. mul''Erû'' or mul''Arû'' is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

*mulA2mušen,
* multi8mušen;
* = ''erû, arû'' "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.
The sign A2 as a bird-name has ample evidence for readings both te8 and ti8 in Sumerian, translated into Akkadian with both opening a- and e- vowels.

[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 2; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref> 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":8">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mention that the translation "eagle" is not certain for all times, as historical languages might not have distinguished between different birds of prey. Hence, it could also be a vulture, at least in some variants:<blockquote>'''TI8mušen''' = ''erû'' “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).</blockquote>This option is in particular interesting with regard to the deity associated with TI8 in MUL.APIN, the warlike god Zababa:<ref name=":8" /><blockquote>'''''Zababa''.''' Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identification
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> 154: 117].
* (2) Urra XXII: 308: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
* multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1" /> 151:173],

* [multe8mu]šen = ''a-ru-u'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 133-4, 17:21]
|
|-
|'''Hittite prayer to the night gods.'''
* Among the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, p. 2:12; Van der Toorn<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref> 130: 45; W. R. Mayer, Orientalia ...].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:21, 22].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group) - need to decide on title for this???'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
'''"Astrolabes"'''
* <s>thṬebetu, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref> 575].</s>
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 91-95): Astrolabe B:
** itiziz2 lmulte8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 multe8[mušen . . .] "month Šabaṭu, Eagle, Zababa" <s>(A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 407:58], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 82; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 129].</s>
** (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105, Enlil 8): Astrolabe B: mul ''ša ina'' IGI''-it'' mul[UZ3] / GUB-''zu'' mulTE8m[ušen] "The constellation that stands ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
** (3) Month-Star list (Horowitz 2014: 195)
** <s>(3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[The month of Ṭebetu:] the Eagle (rises in the path of) [Enlil] ()" (C iii 10); parallel: ''ina'' itiab mulA2mušen ''e-ru''-[''u''2] "In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [rises]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XI 7].</s>
** (4) Lists of Rising and Setting Stars (rise in Tebetu, Month X), set in Du'uzu (Month IV), Horowitz 2014: 160-166).
** <s>-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) [[GU.LA]].</s>
* BM 82923. The month Ṭebetu, the stars of Enlil: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' m // 35 // UR.SAG d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigi". [Horowitz 2014: 142-143, Walker and Hunger<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref> 30:30].
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Šabaṭu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]</s>.
* CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71).
* See previously Horowitz 2014: 220, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64, 66, 69.
*
*
* The sta<s>rs of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>(a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT<ref name=":5">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 176].</s>
** <s>(b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref> 212].</s>
**
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* (1) The stars of Anu: mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA KURme-''nim-ma'' / mulGU.LA ''u'' mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "The Arrow, the Snake, and the Lion rise, and the Great One and the Eagle set" (I iii 17-18),
** b) mulUD. KA.DU8.A ''u'' mulTI8mušen KURmeš-''ma'' / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Eagle rise, and the Great Twins and the Small Twins set" (I iii 29-30) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
|The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.
While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

'''Identifications''' [[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|alt=Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.|thumb|The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)]]

* Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"<ref>Hunger, H. and Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden</ref>
* in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172</ref>
* Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 171-191</ref>
|-
|'''"The Great Star List.'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B:97, 212, 228].
|
|-
| '''GU-text'''.

* (T) SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant Star of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree and Walker<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies<ref>Pingree, D. & Walker, C. (1988), A Babylonian Star-Catalogue:BM 78161, Vol. 9, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 313--322.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 ''u'' mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
** "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
* §y.
** a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
** b) mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Eagle, the first", see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] and (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref> 50, 62; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 110].

|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* S<s>cheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) [[Lammu]]''[[Lammu]]''.</s>
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:10; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102 r.4;].
[[File:TEmushen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172700.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Altair]]
| HIP 97649
|Constellation lines
|0.76
|-
| 2
|[[Tarazed]]
| HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|[[Okab]]
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|4
|[[Antinous]]
|HIP 99473
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.22
|-
|5
| δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|[[Rotanev]]
| HIP 101769
|Constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
|8
|[[Alshain]]
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|9
|[[Sualocin]]
|HIP 101958
|Constellation lines
|3.8
|-
|10
| η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
|11
| [[Aldulfin]]
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|12
|β Scuti
|HIP 92175
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.22
|-
| 13
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|14
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|15
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
| Constellation lines
|4.417
|-
| 16
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|17
|[[Alya]]
|HIP 92946
|Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
|18
|ζ Delphini
|HIP 101589
|Inside the Hull
|4.647
|-
|19
|[[Libertas]]
|HIP 97938
|Inside the Hull
|4.707
|-
|20
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
| 21
|ρ Aquilae
|HIP 99742
|Inside the Hull
|4.946
|-
|22
|θ 2 Serpentis
|HIP 92951
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|23
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|24
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
| 25
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|26
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 95447
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|28
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|30
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Inside the Hull
| 5.278
|-
| 31
|23 Aql
| HIP 94885
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|32
|ω 1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the Hull
|5.283
|-
|33
| 132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|34
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|35
|η Delphini
|HIP 101483
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|36
|15 Aql
|HIP 93717
|Inside the Hull
|5.394
|-
| 37
|14 Aql
|HIP 93526
| Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|38
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
|39
| [[Tianfu]]
|HIP 98823
|Inside the Hull
|5.508
|-
| 40
| 28 Aql
|HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
|41
| 64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Inside the Hull
|5.551
|-
|42
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the Hull
|5.569
|-
| 43
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
|5.637
|-
|45
|* chi Aql A
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 46
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|47
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 48
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the Hull
|5.754
|-
|50
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the Hull
|5.783
|-
|51
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
|52
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 53
|49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
|Inside the Hull
|5.839
|-
|54
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|55
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 100256
|Inside the Hull
| 5.938
|-
|57
| 64 Aql
|HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
|5.968
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 101909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|60
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|61
|10 Del
| HIP 102080
| Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|62
|ω 2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
|6.012
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the Hull
|6.042
|-
|64
|8 Aql
|HIP 92524
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|65
|1 Del
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
| 66
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|67
|R Aql
| HIP 93820
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|69
|73 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 92968
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 100511
|Inside the Hull
|6.152
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 100274
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the Hull
|6.174
|-
|74
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|75
|6 G. Aql
|HIP 92963
|Inside the Hull
|6.196
|-
|76
| * 1 Del A
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|77
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 100208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 100953
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|80
|* pi. Aql A
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|81
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
| Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|82
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the Hull
| 6.243
|-
|83
| 52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|84
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the Hull
|6.271
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 95664
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 100762
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|87
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|88
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
|89
| 46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the Hull
|6.321
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99234
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|91
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
|6.346
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 100781
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|93
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the Hull
|6.364
|-
|95
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|96
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|97
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the Hull
|6.428
|-
|98
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the Hull
|6.446
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the Hull
|6.457
|-
|100
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
|101
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 99985
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 98377
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Deity. ===
The names of constellations are never fixed with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 follows from the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is given: mulA2mušen = d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 = min (= d''Nin-urta'') [CT<ref name=":5" /> 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref> 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]].

===Symbol.===

*The symbol of Zababa on the ''kudurru''s was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref> 163-164; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref> 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
*SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

==== Identification. ====

* Aquila [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 2; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 73; BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 10; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6" /> 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7" /> 272];
* Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

===Astrology.===

====Identifications:====

*(1) = Saturn; see above section II.
*(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.
*(3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref> 352].
*(4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
*(5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

====Predictions:====

*(6) Planet and Eagleː DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ... "If a planet and the Eagle become joined ...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-mi-du'' ... "If a planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''i-ḫu-u''2... "If a planet and the Eagle come close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" is one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = ''šamaššammu'').
*(7) Eagle(=Mars?) and planetː DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle comes close to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar 23:15].
*(8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-''ir'' "If the Eagle comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2.
*(9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle leans toward the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
*(10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moonː DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI ZAG 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''i-bar-ru'' "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: the country will revolt" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI GUB3 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''in-niš''-[''ša''] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: the country will become confused" [ibid., 23:20].
*(11) The Eagle and ''mišḫu''ː DIŠ mulA2mušen ''meš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ'' mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits ''mišḫu'': the planet(=Mars) [will exterminate small cattle/livestock]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].
*(12) The dark Eagleː DIŠ mulA2mušen ''a-dir'' MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].
*(13) The Bow and the Eagleː DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ''ḫar-pu'' SIG5-''iq'' "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulPAN ''ana'' mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM SIG5: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mul''Za-ap-pu'' KUR-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.
*(14) Arrow and Eagleː DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGU4.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mulṣ''al-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month Du'uzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: sesame will prosper; (this means:) Mercury in the month Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
*(15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?)ː ''ina Nisanni'' UD.28.KAM ''rēš tāmartišu tammarma'' / ''ina erî''(mulA2mušen) [''adirma ušappilma ippuḫ''] "On the 28th day of Nisanu, you observe its last visibility, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and rose" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

*(16) Heliacal rising of the Eagle in its set time and not in its set timeː ''ina'' itiAB '''PMUL.R PA2?R''' [MUŠEN...] BE-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-[''ḫa''] SAL.KUR2 ''ina'' KUR ''ina-pu''-[''uš'' ... ] ''ina'' KUR GAR " In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [...] if it rises on its set date, hostility will flare up in the country, [if it does not rise on its set date]: there will be [...] in the country." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]

== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Laffitte (2009) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22 '''(mul)''Erû/Arû''''')
!
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
|
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [Gössmann 1950, 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117]. (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.

См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [Gössmann 1950, 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2, а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9) Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].
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|}

== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

Dhanishta

2026-07-06T14:31:07Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Dhaniṣṭhā (श्रविष्ठा)}}
<references />
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Dhanishta nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|thumb|Dhanishta, the 23rd nakshatra, in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = श्रविष्ठा (Dhanishta)
| native = श्रविष्ठा
| translation = Dhaniṣṭhā
| pronounce = Dhanishta
| IPA = /ʃɾə.ʋɪʂ.ʈʰaː/
| culture = Indian_nakshatras
| RA = 308.3032203 to 311.6645826
| dec = 10.08619213 to 16.12429395
| areatotal = 9.63
| numbermainstars = 10
| numberbfstars = 9
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Rotanev
| starmagnitude = 3.63
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Del
| notes =
| cat = constellation
}}
[[File:22+23 nakshatra stellarium.gif|thumb|The 22nd and 23rd nakshatra mapped to the star chart at Aquila and Delphinus. Dhanishta is the eastern (left) one. ]]
Dhaniṣṭhā (धनिष्ठा ), "most famous", is an Indian name, used by the Indian Vedic tradition. Most of these names are roughly 3000 years old. They pre-date Hinduism but were taken over by it.

==Etymology and History==
'''Name Variants'''

* Dhaniṣṭhā
* Dhanishta
* Vāsava,
* Vasubha,
* Śraviṣṭhā ("the swiftest")

===Origin of Constellation===
The term "Dhaniṣṭhā" is a group of stars. The coordinates match with Beta Delphini. However, it can be associated with Gamma Delphini within the errors in the coordinates provided in the catalogue<ref>Venketeswara R Pai and Shylaja B S, J. Astrophys. Astr. (2021) 42:113,

<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-021-09736-0Sadhan(a</nowiki> 0123458697().,-volV)FT3](0123456789().,-volV)
</ref>. The listed magnitude is 3. The word Dhaniṣṭhā literally means "most famous" which may refer to the recognizable shape of stars of Delphinus that are identified here. An alternative name Śraviṣṭhā (श्रविष्ठा), is specifically mentioned in the Yajurveda for winter solstice. Its position to the north of ecliptic rakes up the question as to how this was accommodated in to the ecliptic.

Its depiction in the temple engraving as a group of stars fitted in almost square enclosure contrasts with the a huge jar containing exactly 100 small stars depicted by Jones. For whatever reason (not specified) here are exactly 100 stars in the jar (neighboring the "100 physicians"-asterism Śatabhiṣa in the sky) and they are only inside the jar. The depiction of [[Revati]] also is a jar with fewer star among which two are outside of the jar. There seems to be other variants too as in the Buddhist and Chinese depictions. Parāśara Tantra considered to be older by several centuries than 6th century recognises it as a bird's cage (Śakuni pañjara) with four stars.

The standard identification is the group of the brightest stars in Delphinus: α, β, γ, δ Delphini

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Rotanev
|HIP 101769
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.63
|-
|2
|Sualocin
|HIP 101958
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.8
|-
|3
|Aldulfin
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.03
|-
| 4
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|5
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
|Inside the hull
| 4.417
|-
|6
|κ Delphini
|HIP 101916
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.07
|-
|7
| ι Delphini
|HIP 101800
|Inside the hull
|5.418
|-
|8
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the hull
|5.71
|-
|9
|10 Del
|HIP 102080
|Inside the hull
|5.998
|-
| 10
| -
|HIP 101966
| Inside the hull
|6.385
|}
===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Dhanishta nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|Dhanishta nakshatra in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).
File:Nakshatra temple magDraw lbl.jpg|Display of all 28th nakshatras in silver arch with candles in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).
File:Nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|Display of all 28th nakshatras in a door frame in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).
File:Tibet nakshatra 22.png|Dhanishta Tibetean
File:虚宿（仏像図彙）.png|Dhanishta Chinese
File:Traditional indonesian drums.jpg|Dhanishta Indonesian drum
File:23 Dhanishta draw.png|Dhanishta as reconstructed by Jones (1720).
</gallery>

==Mythology==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

==Weblinks==

*{{NAMESPACE}}

==References==

*[[References|Referen]][[References|ces]] (general)
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:South Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Vedic]] [[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:Del]]

Ashvini

2026-07-06T14:27:55Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Aśvini (अश्विनी)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ashvini nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|thumb|Ashvini nakshatra in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = अश्विनी (Ashvini)
| native = अश्विनी
| translation = Aśvini
| pronounce = Ashvini
| IPA =
| culture = Indian_nakshatras
| RA = 28.38255387 to 34.53137755
| dec = 17.81755601 to 23.46241755
| areatotal = 18.61
| numbermainstars = 10
| numberbfstars = 9
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 2
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Hamal
| starmagnitude = 2.01
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Ari
| notes =
| cat = constellation
}}
[[File:1 Ashvini stellarium.gif|thumb|Ashvini drawing in the stars, animated GIF (SMH 2025)]]
Aśvini (अश्विनी) is the name of an Indian twin deity that is asscoiated with the first nakshatra. As gods they initially represent physicians; as asterism they are associated with the star β and γ Arietis in [[Aries]]. However, the oldest reconstruction of the image shows a horse head with three stars, suggesting that α Arietis might also have belonged to the asterism.

==Etymology and History==
'''Name Variant:'''

*Adya,
*Asva,
*Asvi,
*Dasra,
*Hari,
*Haya,
*Turaga,
*Turanaga,
*Vaaji

[[File:Ashwini Kumaras-L.jpg|thumb|The Ashwini kumaras twins, sons of the sun god Surya. Vedic gods representing the brightness of sunrise and sunset]]

===Origin of Constellation===
Asvini actually means "twin horse-man". It is mythologically associated with twin physicians of the Gods and as an astrism represented with a horse head. All alternative names of the nakshatra mean "horse" and so does the word “aśva” (अश्व) .

====Identification====
β, γ Arietis are certain,

(perhaps also α Ari in some variants, as sometimes three stars are drawn)
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Ashvini
Vedic
!Ashvini in
Tirupperunthurai
!Ashvini
Chinese
!Ashvini
(Jones 1790)
|-
|
|≥ 2 stars
|6 stars
|3 stars
|3 stars
|}

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!HIP
! description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Hamal
|HIP 9884
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
|2
|Sheratan
|HIP 8903
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.65
|-
|3
|Mesarthim
|HIP 8832
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.52
|-
|4
|* gam01 Ari
| HIP 8832
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.589
|-
|5
|κ Arietis
|HIP 9836
|Inside the hull
| 5.019
|-
|6
| ι Arietis
|HIP 9110
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.105
|-
|7
|η Arietis
|HIP 10306
| Constellation lines
| 5.2
|-
|8
|θ Arietis
|HIP 10732
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.572
|-
|9
|15 Ari
|HIP 10155
|Inside the hull
|5.688
|-
|10
| -
|HIP 9307
|Inside the hull
| 5.892
|}
===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Ashvini nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|Ashvini 10th century CE
File:Tibet nakshatra 27.png|Ashvini Tibetean
File:婁宿（仏像図彙）.png|Ashvini (Chinese)
File:1 ashvini draw.png|Ashvini reconstructed by Jones (1720).
File:Nakshatra temple magDraw lbl.jpg|Display of all 28th nakshatra in silver arch with candles in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).
File:Nakshatras in Temple draw+lbl 4ase.jpg|Display of all 28th nakshatra in a door frame in Tirupperunthurai (Athmanathaswamy temple) near Aranthangi, India, 10th century CE. (SMH 2025).
</gallery>

==Mythology==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== Weblinks==

*{{NAMESPACE}}

==References==

*[[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indian]] [[Category:Vedic]] [[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:South Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Ari]]

References (Greco-Roman)

2026-07-06T10:51:53Z

Sushoff:

=== References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|Grasshoff (1990)
|Grasshoff, G. (1990). The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York.
|
|-
|Graßhoff and Hoffmann (2024)
|Graßhoff, G., & Hoffmann, S. M. (2024). An astronomical analysis of the data in the pseudo-Hipparchus palimpsest in the Codex Climaci Rescriptus. ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'', ''55''(3), 332-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/00218286241256345
|
|-
|Hoffmann (2017)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M (2017). Hipparchs Himmelsglobus – Ein Bindeglied in der babylonisch-griechischen Astrometrie?, Springer Research, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017, http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821
|
|-
|Pamìas und Zucker (2013)
|Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris
|
|}

===Sources===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Almagest||
*Claudii Ptolemaei Syntaxis Mathematica, ed. Heiberg, J.L., Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1898
*Ptolemäus: Handbuch der Astronomie, dt. Übersetzung von Manitius, K., Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1912/1963
*Ptolemy’s Almagest, Engl. translation by Toomer, G.J., Princeton Uni. Press, 1998, Orig.: London, 1984
|-
|Aratus||
*[https://ivanadob.github.io/aratea-data/index-mss.html Aratus Digital Project]
*Aratus, Phaenomena, Engl. translation by Kidd, Douglas, Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, 34, Cambridge Univ. Press 1997

*Arat, Phainomena, dt. Übers. Manfred Erren, Artemis und Winkler, Düsseldorf 2009
|-
|Eratosthenes||
*Eratosthenes: Sternsagen, übersetzt von Pamìas, Jordi und Geus, Klaus, Verlag Utopica, Oberhaid 2007
*Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, translated by Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2013
*Eratosthenes and Hyginus with Aratus’ Phaenomena, translated by Hard, Robin, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford, 2015
|-
|Hipparchus||
* edition: Heiberg (18xx)
* German translation: Manitius (1894)
* English translation: MacFarlane & Mills (unpublished)
|}

[[Category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

References (Greco-Roman)

2026-07-06T10:49:08Z

Sushoff: /* Sources */

=== References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|Grasshoff (1990)
|Grasshoff, G. (1990). The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York.
|
|-
|Graßhoff and Hoffmann (2024)
|Graßhoff, G., & Hoffmann, S. M. (2024). An astronomical analysis of the data in the pseudo-Hipparchus palimpsest in the Codex Climaci Rescriptus. ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'', ''55''(3), 332-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/00218286241256345
|
|-
|Hoffmann (2017)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M (2017). Hipparchs Himmelsglobus – Ein Bindeglied in der babylonisch-griechischen Astrometrie?, Springer Research, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017, http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821
|
|-
|Pamìas und Zucker (2013)
|Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris
|
|}

===Sources===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Almagest||
*Claudii Ptolemaei Syntaxis Mathematica, ed. Heiberg, J.L., Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1898
*Ptolemäus: Handbuch der Astronomie, dt. Übersetzung von Manitius, K., Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1912/1963
*Ptolemy’s Almagest, Engl. translation by Toomer, G.J., Princeton Uni. Press, 1998, Orig.: London, 1984
|-
|Aratus||
*Aratus, Phaenomena, Engl. translation by Kidd, Douglas, Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, 34, Cambridge Univ. Press 1997

*Arat, Phainomena, dt. Übers. Manfred Erren, Artemis und Winkler, Düsseldorf 2009
|-
|Eratosthenes||
*Eratosthenes: Sternsagen, übersetzt von Pamìas, Jordi und Geus, Klaus, Verlag Utopica, Oberhaid 2007
*Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, translated by Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2013
*Eratosthenes and Hyginus with Aratus’ Phaenomena, translated by Hard, Robin, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford, 2015
|-
|Hipparchus||
* edition: Heiberg (18xx)
* German translation: Manitius (1894)
* English translation: MacFarlane & Mills (unpublished)
|}

[[Category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

References (Greco-Roman)

2026-07-06T10:48:40Z

Sushoff: /* Sources */

=== References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|Grasshoff (1990)
|Grasshoff, G. (1990). The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York.
|
|-
|Graßhoff and Hoffmann (2024)
|Graßhoff, G., & Hoffmann, S. M. (2024). An astronomical analysis of the data in the pseudo-Hipparchus palimpsest in the Codex Climaci Rescriptus. ''Journal for the History of Astronomy'', ''55''(3), 332-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/00218286241256345
|
|-
|Hoffmann (2017)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M (2017). Hipparchs Himmelsglobus – Ein Bindeglied in der babylonisch-griechischen Astrometrie?, Springer Research, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017, http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821
|
|-
|Pamìas und Zucker (2013)
|Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris
|
|}

===Sources===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Almagest||
*Claudii Ptolemaei Syntaxis Mathematica, ed. Heiberg, J.L., Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1898
*Ptolemäus: Handbuch der Astronomie, dt. Übersetzung von Manitius, K., Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1912/1963
*Ptolemy’s Almagest, Engl. translation by Toomer, G.J., Princeton Uni. Press, 1998, Orig.: London, 1984
|-
|Aratus||
*Aratus, Phainomena, Engl. translation by Kidd, Douglas, Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, 34, Cambridge Univ. Press 1997

*Arat, Phainomena, dt. Übers. Manfred Erren, Artemis und Winkler, Düsseldorf 2009
|-
|Eratosthenes||
*Eratosthenes: Sternsagen, übersetzt von Pamìas, Jordi und Geus, Klaus, Verlag Utopica, Oberhaid 2007
*Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, translated by Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2013
*Eratosthenes and Hyginus with Aratus’ Phaenomena, translated by Hard, Robin, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford, 2015
|-
|Hipparchus||
* edition: Heiberg (18xx)
* German translation: Manitius (1894)
* English translation: MacFarlane & Mills (unpublished)
|}

[[Category:References]]
[[Category:Service]]

Eridanus

2026-07-06T10:48:20Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Eridanus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Eri star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
[[File:Hugo-de-Groot-Syntagma-Arateorum MG 0631.tif|thumb|Hugo de Groot Syntagma Arateorum MG 0631]]
One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. In ancient Greece, the constellation simply had been named ‘The River’ with various interpretations. In Mediaeval times, e.g. in the Leiden Aratea, it is even depicted as a river god instead of a stream of water. The modern IAU-adoption renders the term as "Eridanus".

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Eridanus - Mercator.jpeg|thumb|Eri (Mercator 1551)]]
[[File:Valentinee.jpg|thumb|Eridanus in IAU WGSN congratulation on Valentine's Day (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for WGSN).]]
<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref>In Greek, the constellation simply had been named ‘The River’ and is interpreted by authors as representing various real or mythological bodies of water. Aratus says it is the river Eridanus, but Eratosthenes also quotes others who believe it must be the Nile. Even in ancient times, some authors considered ‘Eridanus’ to be the name of a mythological river, while others considered it to be the name of the River Po in northern Italy.

Eridanus is a chain of stars next to Orion's foot. Like most stars in this chain, the star next to Orion's foot is not particularly bright (λ Eridani has a magnitude of 4.25). Since the southernmost star in the chain is brighter, many astronomers considered it to be the source of the celestial river. Eratosthenes notes that next to or below the river is the star ‘Kanobos’, Latinised as Canopus, which is the southernmost of all stars and is therefore also called the Earth-near (Perigeios). Canopus does not belong to the river, but it marks its southern end. At that time, it was probably located near ϑ Eridani. At least, that is the southernmost star listed by Ptolemy in his star catalogue.

For Ptolemy, the star next to Orion's foot is the beginning of the river and the southernmost star is the last in the chain. It may be that this list only indicates that Ptolemy systematically proceeded from north to south in his ‘inventory’ of the stars. In any case, he does not name any of the stars as the source or mouth of the river. It therefore remains unclear whether the river flows from north to south or from south to north, and the river therefore remains nameless. Eratosthenes, on the other hand, claims that the river flows from south to north, thus supporting the assertion that it must be the Nile, because this does not apply to any other river. He therefore does not need a mythological explanation, but sees the celestial river as a counterpart to geography.

In the 16th century, Dutch navigators extended this chain of stars, which originally only reached as far as ϑ Eridani, southwards for navigation purposes: on the star charts of Plancius (1598) and Bayer (1603), a line winds its way from the southernmost point of Eridanus to the south celestial pole. This asterism of a winding line was divided into two constellations: the extended Eridanus to the bright star that today bears the Arabic name ‘Achernar’ (end of the river) and the small water snake Hydrus, which was redesigned again in the 18th century.

===Origin of Constellation===

==== Babylonian ====

==== Greco-Roman ====

===== Aratos =====
Kidd (1997)<ref>Aratus, Phainomena, Engl. translation by Kidd, Douglas, Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries, 34, Cambridge Univ. Press 1997</ref>

[359] For under the gods’ feet that too moves as a separate group, [360] a remnant of Eridanus, river of much weeping. It extends below the left foot of Orion. The tail-chains, by which the extremities of the Fishes are held, both come together as they descend from the tail-parts, and behind the Monster’s back-fin move jointly [365] as they converge, and terminate in a single star that lies close to the top of the Monster’s spine.

[585] These nights are named after his late setting. So these constellations set, while opposite them no meagre one, but brilliant with his belt and two shoulders, Orion, trusting in the might of his sword, extends along the other horizon, bringing with him all of the River.

[635] The windings of the River will plunge into the fair stream of ocean as soon as the Scorpion arrives, which also puts great Orion to flight at its coming.

[726] At that time no part of the Monster is any longer crossing either horizon: you can now see it complete. Now too a sailor on a clear night at sea can observe the first bend of the River emerging from the sea, [730] as he waits for Orion himself, to see if a sign will at some point predict for him the length of either the night or the voyage; for everywhere the gods give these many predictions to men.

===== Eratosthenes =====
Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 110-111)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Ποταμοῦ)''': It rises at the left foot of Orion. Aratus calls it Eridanus, though he gives no reason for this identification; others say it is more accurate to call it the Nile, as it is the only river that rises in the south. It is lined along its entire length by a great many stars. </blockquote><blockquote>Below it lies the star called “Canopus”, which is near the rudder of Argo. Below this star, no other stars are visible. The River has three stars on the first bend, three on the second, and seven stretching from the third bend to the end, which is said to constitute the mouths of the Nile. Thirteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Ποταμοῦ)''': It rises at the left foot of Orion. Aratus calls it Eridanus, though he gives no reason for this identification; others say that the most plausible interpretation is to see it as the Nile, for it is the only river that rises in the south. It is studded with a great many stars all along its course. Below it lies the star called “Canopus”, which is near the rudders of Argo. Below this star no other star is visible; this is why it is called “Perigean” (Near the Earth).</blockquote><blockquote>The River has three stars on the first bend, three on the second, and seven stretching from the third bend to the end, which is said to constitute the mouths of the Nile. Thirteen in all.</blockquote>

===== Hipparchus =====

====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
<blockquote>The Rising of Eridanus ... </blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |east
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Tau 13
|Cnc 10
|Cap 27
|Psc 22
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|in the quadrilateral which is located in the boow and next to the Sea Monster the front and northernmost (rho Cet)
|The brightest, front and southernmost of all (θ Eri)
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |3 3/5 hours = 216 min = 54 degree
|}

====== Setting (Lib III Cap II §10) ======
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |west
! colspan="2" |south
|-
!
!lam1
!lam2
!lam1
!lam2
|-
|
|Psc 7°
|Tau 4 1/2°
|Gem 4
|Leo 9 1/2
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|star
|the front one and brightest of all (θ Eri)
|the first one which stands next to the foot of Orion (λ Eri)
|
|
|-
|duration
| colspan="4" |4 7/10 hours = 282 min = 70 1/2°
|}
Stars Mentioned
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Greek
!German
!English
!ident.
!src
!
!lam_culm
|-
|
|
|vom großen Bogen des vom Orion ausgehenden Flusses der zweite von den nördliche gelegenen und helle
|the second of the northernmost and brightest stars in the large arc of the river extending from Orion
|δ Eri
|Lib xxx Cap xxx §xxx
|setting, west, last
|Tau 3
|}
<blockquote></blockquote>

===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====
<blockquote>Some call this the Nile, though many call it Ocean. Those who advocate the Nile point out that it is correctly so called on account of the great length and usefulness of that River, and especially because below the sign is a certain star, shining more brightly than the rest, called Canopus. Canopus is an island washed by the river Nile. (Mary Ward 1960)</blockquote>

===== Geminos =====

==== Almagest Ποταμός ====
{| class="wikitable"
!id
!Greek
(Heiberg 1898)
!English
(Toomer 1984)
!ident.
|-
!
!Ποταμοῦ ἀστερισμός
!
!
|-
|1
|ὁ μετὰ τὸν ἐν τῷ ἀκρόποδι τοῦ δρίωνος ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ ποταμοῦ
|The star after the one in the foot of Orion, at the beginning of the river
|lam Eri
|-
|2
|ὁ τούτου βορειότερος ἐν ἐπικαμπίῳ πρὸς τῷ ἀντικυημίῳ τοῦ Ὡρίωνος
|The one north of this, in the curve near the shin of Orion
|ß Eri
|-
|3
|τῶν μετὰ τοῦτον ἐφεξῆς β’ ὁ ἐπόμενος
|The rearmost of thc 2 stars next in order after this
|psi Eri
|-
|4
|ὁ προηγούμενος αὐτῶν
|The more advanced of them
|ome Eri
|-
|5
|πάλιη τῶν ἐφεξῆς Β’ ὁ ἐπόμευος
|The rearmost of the next 2 in order again
|mu Eri
|-
|6
|ὁ προηγούμενος αὐτῶν
|The more advanced of them
|nu Eri
|-
|7
|τῶν μετὰ τοῦτον γ’ ὁ ἐπόμευος
|The rearmost of the 3 stars after this
|xi Eri
|-
|8
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|omi2 Eri
|-
|9
|ὁ προηγούμενος τῶν τριῶν
|The most advanced of the three
|omi1 Eri
|-
|10
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐξῆς διαστάσει δ ὁ ἑπόμενος
|The rearmost of the four stars in the next interval
|gam Eri
|-
|11
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος
|The one in advance of this
|pi Eri
|-
|12
|ὁ ἔτι τούτου προηγούμενος
|The one in advance again of this
|del Eri
|-
|13
|ὁ τῶν ὁ προηγούμενος
|The most advanced of the 4
|eps Eri
|-
|14
|ὁμοίως τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐφεξῆς διαστάσει δ ὁ ἑπόμενος
|The rearmost of the 4 stars in the next interval again
|zet Eri
|-
|15
|ὁ τούτου προηγούμενος
|The one in advance of this
|rho3 + rho2 Eri
|-
|16
|ὁ ἔτι τούτου προηγούμενος
|The one in advance again of this
|eta Eri
|-
|17
|ὁ τῶν ὁ προηγούμενος
|The most advanced of the 4
|HR 859
|-
|18
|ὁ ἐν τῇ ἐπιστροφῇ τοῦ ποταμοῦ α’ ἀπτόμενος τοῦ στήθους τοῦ Κήτους
|The first star in the bend of the river, which [star] touches the chest of Cetus
|tau1 Eri
|-
|19
|ὁ τούτῳ ἐπόμενος
|The one to the rear of this
|tau2 Eri
|-
|20
|τῶν ἐφεξῆς τριῶν ὁ προηγούμενος
|The most advanced of the next [group of] three
|tau3 Eri
|-
|21
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one of these
|tau4 Eri
|-
|22
|ὁ ἐπόμευος τῶν τριῶν
|The rearmost of the three
|tau5 Eri
|-
|23
|τῶν ἐξῆς ὡς ἐν τραπεξίῳ ὁ τῆς προηγουμένης πλευρᾶς ὁ βόρειος.
|The next four stars, nearly forming a trapezium: the northern one on the advance side
|tau6 Eri
|-
|24
|ὁ νοτιώτερος τῆς προηγουμένης πλευρᾶς
|The next four stars, nearly forming a trapezium: the southernmost on the advance side
|tau7 Eri
|-
|25
|τῆς ἐπομένης πλευρᾶς ὁ προηγούμενος
|The next four stars, nearly forming a trapezium: the more advanced one on the rear side
|tau8 Eri
|-
|26
|ὁ ἑπόμενος αὐτῆς καὶ λοιπὸς τῶν δ
|The next four stars, nearly forming a trapezium: the last of the 4, the rear one on that side
|tau9 Eri
|-
|27
|ὁ τῶν διεστώτων πρὸς ἀνατολὴν β συνεχῶν ὁ βόρειος
|The northernmost of the 2 stars close together at some distance to the east
|ups1 Eri
|-
|28
|ὁ ποτιώτερος αὐτῶν
|The southernmost of them
|ups2 Eri
|-
|29
|τῶν ἐφεξῆς μετὰ τὴν καμπὴν β ὁ ἑπόμενος
|The rearmost of the next 2 stars after the bend
|ups3 Eri
|-
|30
|ὁ προηγούμενος αὐτῶν
|The more advanced of them
|ups4 Eri
|-
|31
|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἐξῆς διαστάσει γ’ ὁ ἐπόμευος
|The rearmost of thc 3 stars in the next interval
|g Eri
|-
|32
|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν
|The middle one
|f Eri
|-
|33
|ὁ προηγούμενος τῶν τριῶν
|The most advanced of the three
|h Eri
|-
|34
|ὁ ἔσχατος τοῦ Ποταμοῦ λαμπρός
|The last star of the river, the bright one
|tet Eri
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|ἀστέρες λδ, ὥν α μεγέθους ἂ, γ’ ἔ, δ’ ἧς, εἱ β.
|{34 stars, 1 of the first magnitude, 5 of the third, 26 of the fourth, 2 of the fifth}
|
|}
[[File:Potamos Youla CH.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Potamos (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

===== Stars within the Constellation Area =====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Cursa
|HIP 23875
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|2
|Zaurak
|HIP 18543
|Constellation lines
|2.94
|-
|3
|Acamar
|HIP 13847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.18
|-
|4
|Rana
|HIP 17378
|Constellation lines
|3.54
|-
|5
|υ 4 Eridani
|HIP 20042
|Constellation lines
|3.56
|-
|6
|τ 4 Eridani
|HIP 15474
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|7
|Ran
|HIP 16537
|Constellation lines
|3.73
|-
|8
|Theemin
|HIP 21393
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.82
|-
|9
|Azha
|HIP 13701
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.87
|-
|10
|Sceptrum
|HIP 21594
|Inside the hull
|3.87
|-
|11
|ν Eridani
|HIP 21444
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.928
|-
|12
|Beemim
|HIP 20535
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.96
|-
|13
|Dalim
|HIP 14879
|Inside the hull
|3.98
|-
|14
|μ Eridani
|HIP 22109
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4
|-
|15
|Beid
|HIP 19587
|Constellation lines
|4.026
|-
|16
|τ 3 Eridani
|HIP 14146
|Constellation lines
|4.09
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 17874
|Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|18
|τ 6 Eridani
|HIP 17651
|Constellation lines
|4.2
|-
|19
|τ 5 Eridani
|HIP 16611
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|20
|λ Eridani
|HIP 23972
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|21
|f Eri
|HIP 17797
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.27
|-
|22
|54 Eri
|HIP 21763
|Inside the hull
|4.3
|-
|23
|ω Eridani
|HIP 22701
|Constellation lines
|4.4
|-
|24
|π Eridani
|HIP 17593
|Constellation lines
|4.42
|-
|25
|Keid
|HIP 19849
|Constellation lines
|4.43
|-
|26
|τ 1 Eridani
|HIP 12843
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|27
|υ 1 Eridani
|HIP 21248
|Constellation lines
|4.51
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 17351
|Constellation lines
|4.583
|-
|29
|τ 8 Eridani
|HIP 18216
|Constellation lines
|4.623
|-
|30
|τ 9 Eridani
|HIP 18673
|Constellation lines
|4.66
|-
|31
|Angetenar
|HIP 13288
|Constellation lines
|4.77
|-
|32
|64 Eri
|HIP 23231
|Inside the hull
|4.77
|-
|33
|Zibal
|HIP 15197
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
|34
|ψ Eridani
|HIP 23364
|Constellation lines
|4.81
|-
|35
|15 Eri
|HIP 15382
|Inside the hull
|4.875
|-
|36
|39 Eri
|HIP 19777
|Inside the hull
|4.9
|-
|37
|δ Fornacis
|HIP 17304
|Inside the hull
|4.973
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 21644
|Inside the hull
|5.002
|-
|39
|60 Eri
|HIP 22479
|Inside the hull
|5.028
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 18213
|Inside the hull
|5.092
|-
|41
|ξ Eridani
|HIP 20507
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.165
|-
|42
|47 Eri
|HIP 21296
|Inside the hull
|5.188
|-
|43
|242 G. Eri
|HIP 21297
|Inside the hull
|5.229
|-
|44
|20 Eri
|HIP 16803
|Inside the hull
|5.23
|-
|45
|τ 7 Eridani
|HIP 17717
|Constellation lines
|5.235
|-
|46
|ρ 3 Eridani
|HIP 14293
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.3
|-
|47
|ρ 2 Eridani
|HIP 14168
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.336
|-
|48
|212 G. Eri
|HIP 20264
|Inside the hull
|5.38
|-
|49
|63 Eri
|HIP 23221
|Inside the hull
|5.39
|-
|50
|DU Eri
|HIP 20922
|Inside the hull
|5.41
|-
|51
|GU Eri
|HIP 19398
|Inside the hull
|5.435
|-
|52
|37 Eri
|HIP 19483
|Inside the hull
|5.442
|-
|53
|4 Eri
|HIP 13782
|Inside the hull
|5.45
|-
|54
|257 G. Eri
|HIP 21685
|Inside the hull
|5.463
|-
|55
|30 Eri
|HIP 18141
|Inside the hull
|5.475
|-
|56
|62 Eri
|HIP 22958
|Inside the hull
|5.482
|-
|57
|83 G. Eri
|HIP 15643
|Inside the hull
|5.496
|-
|58
|58 Eri
|HIP 22263
|Inside the hull
|5.5
|-
|59
|264 G. Eri
|HIP 22028
|Inside the hull
|5.522
|-
|60
|ρ Fornacis
|HIP 17738
|Inside the hull
|5.54
|-
|61
|258 G. Eri
|HIP 21743
|Inside the hull
|5.563
|-
|62
|94 G. Eri
|HIP 16263
|Inside the hull
|5.576
|-
|63
|106 G. Eri
|HIP 16780
|Inside the hull
|5.58
|-
|64
|160 G. Eri
|HIP 18647
|Inside the hull
|5.589
|-
|65
|174 G. Eri
|HIP 19095
|Inside the hull
|5.59
|-
|66
|122 G. Eri
|HIP 17395
|Inside the hull
|5.61
|-
|67
|169 G. Eri
|HIP 19011
|Inside the hull
|5.611
|-
|68
|AI For
|HIP 15479
|Inside the hull
|5.622
|-
|69
|ζ Fornacis
|HIP 13942
|Inside the hull
|5.686
|-
|70
|278 G. Eri
|HIP 22860
|Inside the hull
|5.688
|-
|71
|184 G. Eri
|HIP 19511
|Inside the hull
|5.689
|-
|72
|267 G. Eri
|HIP 22086
|Inside the hull
|5.692
|-
|73
|χ 2 Fornacis
|HIP 16112
|Inside the hull
|5.702
|-
|74
|R Eri
|HIP 22881
|Inside the hull
|5.715
|-
|75
|46 Eri
|HIP 21278
|Inside the hull
|5.72
|-
|76
|91 G. Eri
|HIP 16142
|Inside the hull
|5.73
|-
|77
|59 Eri
|HIP 22325
|Inside the hull
|5.755
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 22336
|Inside the hull
|5.77
|-
|79
|291 G. Eri
|HIP 23916
|Inside the hull
|5.78
|-
|80
|216 G. Eri
|HIP 20465
|Inside the hull
|5.796
|-
|81
|GW Eri
|HIP 19571
|Inside the hull
|5.8
|-
|82
|132 G. Eri
|HIP 17798
|Inside the hull
|5.801
|-
|83
|6 Eri
|HIP 13835
|Inside the hull
|5.809
|-
|84
|56 Eri
|HIP 22024
|Inside the hull
|5.81
|-
|85
|159 G. Eri
|HIP 18606
|Inside the hull
|5.833
|-
|86
|53 G. Eri
|HIP 14110
|Inside the hull
|5.837
|-
|87
|EM Eri
|HIP 20271
|Inside the hull
|5.838
|-
|88
| -
|HR 997
|Inside the hull
|5.84
|-
|89
|109 G. Eri
|HIP 16989
|Inside the hull
|5.849
|-
|90
|ϵ Fornacis
|HIP 14086
|Inside the hull
|5.85
|-
|91
|σ Fornacis
|HIP 17618
|Inside the hull
|5.904
|-
|92
|163 G. Eri
|HIP 18723
|Inside the hull
|5.919
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 15357
|Inside the hull
|5.93
|-
|94
|35 G. Eri
|HIP 13479
|Inside the hull
|5.931
|-
|95
|202 G. Eri
|HIP 19996
|Inside the hull
|5.932
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 16029
|Inside the hull
|5.933
|-
|97
|227 G. Eri
|HIP 20892
|Inside the hull
|5.933
|-
|98
|93 G. Eri
|HIP 16266
|Inside the hull
|5.988
|-
|99
|DO Eri
|HIP 18339
|Inside the hull
|6
|-
|100
|τ Fornacis
|HIP 17007
|Inside the hull
|6.01
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 13402
|Inside the hull
|6.05
|-
|102
|GZ Eri
|HIP 20075
|Inside the hull
|6.052
|-
|103
|236 G. Eri
|HIP 21239
|Inside the hull
|6.052
|-
|104
|205 G. Eri
|HIP 20106
|Inside the hull
|6.06
|-
|105
|240 G. Eri
|HIP 21298
|Inside the hull
|6.063
|-
|106
|171 G. Eri
|HIP 19037
|Inside the hull
|6.111
|-
|107
|247 G. Eri
|HIP 21363
|Inside the hull
|6.111
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 13907
|Inside the hull
|6.131
|-
|109
|281 G. Eri
|HIP 23060
|Inside the hull
|6.139
|-
|110
|14 Eri
|HIP 15244
|Inside the hull
|6.143
|-
|111
|γ 1 Fornacis
|HIP 13197
|Inside the hull
|6.146
|-
|112
|45 G. Eri
|HIP 13883
|Inside the hull
|6.15
|-
|113
|EK Eri
|HIP 20263
|Inside the hull
|6.154
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 15024
|Inside the hull
|6.162
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 14551
|Inside the hull
|6.17
|-
|116
|DL Eri
|HIP 18455
|Inside the hull
|6.177
|-
|117
|113 G. Eri
|HIP 17057
|Inside the hull
|6.182
|-
|118
|133 G. Eri
|HIP 17734
|Inside the hull
|6.19
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 16628
|Inside the hull
|6.2
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 23311
|Inside the hull
|6.21
|-
|121
|147 G. Eri
|HIP 18173
|Inside the hull
|6.216
|-
|122
|229 G. Eri
|HIP 20997
|Inside the hull
|6.219
|-
|123
|86 G. Eri
|HIP 15776
|Inside the hull
|6.23
|-
|124
|104 G. Eri
|HIP 16677
|Inside the hull
|6.239
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 15125
|Inside the hull
|6.24
|-
|126
|67 G. Eri
|HIP 14814
|Inside the hull
|6.243
|-
|127
|232 G. Eri
|HIP 21110
|Inside the hull
|6.25
|-
|128
|272 G. Eri
|HIP 22439
|Inside the hull
|6.26
|-
|129
|172 G. Eri
|HIP 19121
|Inside the hull
|6.261
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 13768
|Inside the hull
|6.281
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 14972
|Inside the hull
|6.283
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 13947
|Inside the hull
|6.302
|-
|133
|59 G. Eri
|HIP 14355
|Inside the hull
|6.31
|-
|134
|173 G. Eri
|HIP 19111
|Inside the hull
|6.334
|-
|135
|248 G. Eri
|HIP 21428
|Inside the hull
|6.34
|-
|136
|114 G. Eri
|HIP 17136
|Inside the hull
|6.343
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 15700
|Inside the hull
|6.353
|-
|138
|66 G. Eri
|HIP 14797
|Inside the hull
|6.36
|-
|139
|168 G. Eri
|HIP 18990
|Inside the hull
|6.364
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 21377
|Inside the hull
|6.37
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 16449
|Inside the hull
|6.372
|-
|142
|65 G. Eri
|HIP 14757
|Inside the hull
|6.377
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 18428
|Inside the hull
|6.38
|-
|144
|246 G. Eri
|HIP 21324
|Inside the hull
|6.38
|-
|145
|χ 1 Fornacis
|HIP 15987
|Inside the hull
|6.385
|-
|146
|189 G. Eri
|HIP 19601
|Inside the hull
|6.4
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 15585
|Inside the hull
|6.404
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 13789
|Inside the hull
|6.411
|-
|149
|213 G. Eri
|HIP 20360
|Inside the hull
|6.429
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 16672
|Inside the hull
|6.43
|-
|151
|188 G. Eri
|HIP 19509
|Inside the hull
|6.44
|-
|152
|186 G. Eri
|HIP 19590
|Inside the hull
|6.44
|-
|153
|166 G. Eri
|HIP 18926
|Inside the hull
|6.45
|-
|154
| -
|HIP 16697
|Inside the hull
|6.48
|-
|155
|117 G. Eri
|HIP 17214
|Inside the hull
|6.485
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 15816
|Inside the hull
|6.499
|-
|157
| -
|HIP 13843
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|-
|158
| -
|HR 1359
|Inside the hull
|6.5
|}

===Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation===
<gallery>
File:Hugo-de-Groot-Syntagma-Arateorum MG 0631.tif|Eridanus in Leiden Aratea (Hugo de Groot 1600)
File:Eridanus - Mercator.jpeg|Eri (Mercator 1551)
File:Eridanus uranometria.jpg|Eri (Uranometria 1603)
File:Eridanus Hevelius.jpg|Eri (Hevelius 1690)
File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-034.png|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Eridanus
File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-034.png|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Eridanus
</gallery>

==Mythology==
'''Greek'''<ref name=":0" />

Ancient Greek mythology tells the story of Phaeton and the river Eridanus is often associated with this constellation. Phaeton, the radiant one, is the mortal son of the sun god Helios, who begged to be allowed to drive his sun chariot. Despite all his father's warnings, he insisted and had an accident on the way because the heavenly horses were too strong and stormy for him. When he fell from the sky, he plunged into the river Eridanus.

According to Herodotus and the geographer Strabo, Eridanus is a mythological river with no real counterpart. It is located ‘at the end of the world’. At least a century after Herodotus, it was discovered that the Earth is a sphere and therefore cannot have an edge. By Strabo's time, this had long been the accepted doctrine. Therefore, the idea of the ‘edge’ or ‘end’ of the world is probably an association with death and the eternity that follows – a popular motif for the starry sky.

==Weblinks==
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017079 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Eridanus]

==References==

*[[References]] (general)
*[[References (Babylonian)]]
*[[References (Greco-Roman)|References (ancient Greco-Roman)]]
*[[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (medieval)]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Almagest]]
[[Category:Modern]]
[[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:Eri]]
[[Category:European]]

Southern Crab

2026-07-06T09:06:15Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:SouthernCrab 2MASS.png|thumb|Southern Crab in the 2MASS survey as displayed by Aladin. ]]
Southern Crab is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is English language as lingua franca of modern astrophysics. It is the name of the symbiotic star WRAY 16-147 (Vmag 14.2) in constellation [[Centaurus]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The name was first used in March 1989, both in scientific and public media. It was used in a note in The Messenger by Schwarz in March 1989,<ref>Schwarz, H., “The Southern Crab.”, The Messenger, vol. 55, pp. 1–2, 1989.</ref> then, in April, in the publication Schwarz, Aspin and Lutz (1989) in the title "A southern Crab".<ref>Schwarz, Aspin and Lutz, "A southern 'Crab'.", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Vol. 99, p. 51</ref> and immediately taken up in public media, e.g. in French, in the popular magazine "Ciel et Espace", Vol. 235 (1989)<ref>Robredo, J.-F., “Decouverte : une "nebuleuse du Crabe" dans l'hemisphere sud.”, <nowiki>Ciel et Espace</nowiki>, vol. 235, pp. 22–23, 1989.</ref>, J.-F. Robredo titled "Decouverte : une "nebuleuse du Crabe" dans l'hemisphere sud." (Discovery: a crab nebula in the southern hemisphere) and the Sky&Telescope<ref>No author, “The Real Crab Nebula / the Southern Crab”, Sky and Telescope, vol. 77, p. 357, 1989.</ref> note on this discovery in April and another one in December 1989<ref>No author, “Making the Southern Crab”, <nowiki>Sky and Telescope</nowiki>, vol. 78, p. 571, 1989</ref>.

Susequently, other researchers used this name in English research papers, e.g. Igumenshchev et al. (1990)<ref>Igumenshchev, I. V., Tutukov, A. V., and Shustov, B. M., “Dynamical model of southern Crab.”, <nowiki>Astronomicheskii Zhurnal</nowiki>, vol. 67, p. 511, 1990.</ref>.

==Mythology==
no mythologoy.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==

The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN in 2026, as it has been in popular use among astrophysicists and listed in SIMBAD already.

<gallery>
File:Example.jpg|InfoCard1
File:Example.jpg|InfoCard2
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]] [[Category:Cen]]

Southern Crab

2026-07-06T09:05:20Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:SouthernCrab 2MASS.png|thumb|Southern Crab in the 2MASS survey as displayed by Aladin. ]]
Southern Crab is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is English language as lingua franca of modern astrophysics. It is the name of the symbiotic star WRAY 16-147 (Vmag 14.2) in constellation [[Centaurus]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
The name was first used in March 1989, both in scientific and public media. It was used in a note in The Messenger by Schwarz in March 1989,<ref>Schwarz, H., “The Southern Crab.”, The Messenger, vol. 55, pp. 1–2, 1989.</ref> then, in April, in the publication Schwarz, Aspin and Lutz (1989) in the title "A southern Crab".<ref>Schwarz, Aspin and Lutz, "A southern 'Crab'.", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Vol. 99, p. 51</ref> and immediately taken up in public media, e.g. in French, in the popular magazine "Ciel et Espace", Vol. 235 (1989), J.-F. Robredo titled "Decouverte : une "nebuleuse du Crabe" dans l'hemisphere sud." (Discovery: a crab nebula in the southern hemisphere) and the Sky&Telescope<ref>No author, “The Real Crab Nebula / the Southern Crab”, Sky and Telescope, vol. 77, p. 357, 1989.</ref> note on this discovery in April and another one in December 1989<ref>No author, “Making the Southern Crab”, <nowiki>Sky and Telescope</nowiki>, vol. 78, p. 571, 1989</ref>.

Susequently, other researchers used this name in English research papers, e.g. Igumenshchev et al. (1990)<ref>Igumenshchev, I. V., Tutukov, A. V., and Shustov, B. M., “Dynamical model of southern Crab.”, <nowiki>Astronomicheskii Zhurnal</nowiki>, vol. 67, p. 511, 1990.</ref>.

==Mythology==
no mythologoy.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==

The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN in 2026, as it has been in popular use among astrophysicists and listed in SIMBAD already.

<gallery>
File:Example.jpg|InfoCard1
File:Example.jpg|InfoCard2
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:English]]
[[Category:Modern]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]] [[Category:Cen]]

Reret

2026-07-06T08:03:08Z

Sushoff: /* Other Identification(s) */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Hippo-hi Zodiaque de Dendéra - Musée du Louvre Antiquités Egyptiennes D 38 ; E 13482.gif|thumb|Detail from the circular zodiac of Dendera with the Hippo Goddess next to the Bull's Thigh (photo: Musée du Louvre, GIF SMH).]]
[[File:Taweret Amulet MET 21.6.47 EGDP021762.jpg|thumb|Taweret Amulet MET 21.6.47 EGDP021762 (CC0, wikicommons)]]
Reret, ''rrt'', The Hippotamus, is an Egyptian constellation, preserved in the 2nd millennium BCE. It is also called Isis Djamet. Based on Ramesside Star Clocks,<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref><ref>Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> it is known that it covers 5 RA-hours.<ref name=":1">Petrie W.M.F. (1940). Wisdom of the Egyptians. London.</ref> Reret / Isis-Dajamet is one of the most important constellations of ancient Egyptian skies present in all celestial diagrams and in mythology, as in the Book of Day and Night in the vault of the burial chamber in the tomb of Ramesses VI where teh texts mention Isis in the form of Reret handling two mooring posts, where Meskhetyu (the leg of Seth) is fixed with two chains of gold so that it can not travel through the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Reret is depicted as a bipedal hippopotamus in a fashion virtually identical to Ipy or Taweret, from whom she is distinguished by her astral associations. She is a goddess of fertility and childbirth. [[File:Reret IsisDjamet.png|thumb|Reret in hieroglyphs]]
'''Variants'''

* ''rrt''
* Reret
* Rert

=== Sources ===
[[File:RamesssideStarClocks-schemaBelmonte2003.jpeg|thumb|Ramessside Star Clocks schematically, fig. 1 in Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":0" />]]
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess_sarcophagus_NeuesMusBerlin%2Bdraw.gif|thumb|Constellation "'''Reret'''" depicted on a sarcophagus, represented by 9 asterisks (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)]]
[[File:Stars in Reret+itsPole Belmonte2003-tab2 RSC.png|thumb|Stars in the Egyptian constellation Reret mentioned in the RSCs (CC BY Belmonte 2003<ref name=":0">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>, tab. 2).]]
The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) are ceiling paintings in some tombs in the Valley of Kings, Egypt, from the Ramesside Period.<ref>Marshall Clagett (1989). Ancient Egyptian Science: Calendars, clocks, and astronomy. American Philosophical Society.</ref> They are not actually used star clocks but information on stars in transit (probably through the meridian) provided in tabular layout. It was assumed that they depict a practice in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

There has been two dedicated approaches including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":02">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":12">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

Leitz (1995)<ref name=":02" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>).

=== Individual Stars / Body Parts ===
Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref name=":22">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref> suggest the identification of Reret with a "Large area near the Pole covering from Lyra to Boötes Vega is a form of Isis". There are 9 stars related to Reret named in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC)<ref name=":0" />.

Nine star names are given in the RSC and nine stars are drawn for Reret on the sarcophagus in Berlin (see image on the right).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Star / Asterism Name
(transliteration)
!Translation
!RA (degr)
!RA (h)
!ident. (Belmonte 2003)
|-
|''rd n rrt''
|
|Foot of the hippopotamus
|
|
|rho Boo
|-
|''rdwy n rrt4''
|
|Feet of the hippopotamus
|180
|12.0
|[[Izar]] -eps Boo- (12.1) & rho Boo (11.9)
|-
|''pd n rrt''
|
|Knee of the hippopotamus
|198
|13.2
|[[Alphecca]] (13.5),
|-
|''ḥry-ỉb mnty=s''
|
|Middle of her thighs
|206
|13.7
|[[Alphecca]] (13.5) & CrB
|-
|''b3ḥ n rrt5''
|
|Vulva of the hippopotamus
|211
|14.0
|Between [[Corona Borealis|Corona Bor]] & [[Hercules]]
|-
|''ḫpd n rrt4''
|[[Khepdenreret]]
|Buttocks of the hippopotamus
|219
|14.6
|eps Her (14.8) & zet Her (14.5)
|-
|''mndt nt rrt6''
|
|Breast of the hippopotamus
|228
|15.2
|pi Her (15.3)
|-
|''ns=s''
|
|Her tongue
|240
|16.0
|[[Rastaban]] - bet Dra- (16.2)
|-
|''šwty nt rrt6''
|
|The 2 feathers of hippopotamus
|250
|16.7
|[[Lyra]] with [[Vega]] (16.7)
|}

[[File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|thumb|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names [[Khepdenreret]] and [[Tepiamenit]] (CC BY WGSN).]]

=== Other Identification(s) ===

* "..." (Belmonte 2003)<ref name=":0" />
* "..." (Belmonte & Lull 2023)<ref>Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref>
* Petrie's drawing also extends across this area
* The circular zodiac in Dendera the image is drawn .... An accurate identification is not possible but it matches the suggestions above.

=== Transformations & Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Eg const pole1250BCE stellarium.jpg|Hippopotamus of Denderah, (probably wrongly) coloured image, mapped to the Stellarium star chart
File:Fig 4 45 Petrie1940 sky.jpg|Star map of the Egyptian Sky for the Ramesside Star Clocks. Petrie W.M.F. (1940)<ref name=":1" />. Wisdom of the Egyptians. London, fig. 4.45.
File:Egypt Rert stellarium-RSC.jpg|Egyptian constellation Reret, The Female Hippotamus, identified with Ramesside Star Clocks, mapped to Stellarium (CC BY Petrie 1940, SMH 2026). For this screenshot the time and date settings are Alexandria -1180.
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Constellation "'''Reret'''" depicted on Nectanebo's sarcophagus, represented by 9 asterisks, seba, (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)
File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).
</gallery>

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Reret was primarily a household goddess rather than a state deity with large temples. Her principal functions were: Guarding pregnant women during labor, protecting newborn children, repelling demons and malevolent spirits, assisting in rebirth and regeneration. Amulets and figurines of Reret/Taweret were commonly placed in homes, on beds, and in birth chambers.astronomical aspect. She was associated with the northern circumpolar stars, particularly the constellation Draco, Bootes and Hercules.

As a celestial goddess, she was called '''Mistress of the Horizon''' and watched over the heavens. The ancient Egyptians regarded the circumpolar stars as “imperishable” because they never set below the horizon. These stars symbolized eternal life, making Reret a guardian not only of childbirth but also of cosmic order and immortality.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name "Reret" suggested to be considered by the IAU WGSN in 2023. Reret extends for four hours of RA (from the RSCs) and is probably close to the celestial north pole in the late 2nd millennium BCE. The figure is huge and no single (faint) star can be justified to bear this culturally very important name. Hence, the WGSN chose to represent the figure with a more specific name

... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* [https://www.smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/aegyptisches-museum-und-papyrussammlung/sammeln-forschen/sammlung/ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung]

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Boo]][[Category:CrB‎]]
[[Category:Dra]]

Menit

2026-07-06T08:02:38Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:RamesssideStarClocks-schemaBelmonte2003.jpeg|thumb|Ramessside Star Clocks schematically, fig. 1 in Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1" />]]
[[File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|thumb|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names [[Khepdenreret]] and [[Tepiamenit]] (CC BY WGSN).]]
Menit, The Mooring Post, Egyptian constellation, preserved in the 2nd millennium BCE. Based on Ramesside Star Clocks,<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref><ref>Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> it is known that it covers 1.5 RA-hours.<ref name=":12">Petrie W.M.F. (1940). Wisdom of the Egyptians. London.</ref> It designates an area of [[Bootes]], incl. [[Arcturus]]).<ref name=":22" />

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Menit.png|thumb|Menit in hieroglyphs]]
'''Variants'''
* mnít
* Menit
* Menyt
[[File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Reret with Menit from the Berlin sarcophagus of Nectanebo (credit: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.) mapped to Stellarium (CC BY SMH for WGSN).]]

=== Source ===
The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) are ceiling paintings in some tombs in the Valley of Kings, Egypt, from the Ramesside Period.<ref>Marshall Clagett (1989). Ancient Egyptian Science: Calendars, clocks, and astronomy. American Philosophical Society.</ref> They are not actually used star clocks but information on stars in transit (probably through the meridian) is provided in a tabular layout. It was assumed that they depict a practice in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belonged to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

There have been two dedicated approaches, including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>).

Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref name=":22">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref> suggest the identification of Menit with an area in [[Bootes]], including the bright star [[Arcturus]].

=== Individual Stars of the Constellation ===
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin+draw.gif|thumb|"[[Reret|rrt]] and mnt" super-constellation, depicted on the lid of Nectanebo's sarcophagus (4th century BCE); (CC BY Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Star / Asterism Name
(transliteration)
!Translation
!RA (degr)
!RA (h)
!ident. (Belmonte 2003)
|-
|''ṯ3 nfr''
|
|Beautiful sprout
|150
|10.0
|[[Mizar]] (10.1) or [[Spica]] (10.4)
|-
|''tpy` mnỉt6''
|[[Tepiamenit]]
|Predecessor of the Pole
|
|
|Area of [[Ursa Major|Ursa Maior]] & [[Bootes|Boote]]<nowiki/>s **
|-
|''šmsw n (ḥ3t n mnỉt)3''
|
|Follower of the front of the pole
|162
|10.8
|eta Boo ([[Muphrid]])
|-
|''mnỉt''
|
|Pole or Mooring post
|165
|11.0
|[[Alkaid]]
|-
|''šmsw ỉy ḥr-s3 mnỉt''
|
|Follower which comes after the pole
|167
|11.1
|[[Alkaid]]
|-
|''(šmsw) n mnỉt4''
|
|(Follower of ) the pole
|171
|11.4
|[[Arcturus]]
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]] [[Category:Boo]]

Menit

2026-07-06T08:02:11Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:RamesssideStarClocks-schemaBelmonte2003.jpeg|thumb|Ramessside Star Clocks schematically, fig. 1 in Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1" />]]
[[File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|thumb|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).]]
Menit, The Mooring Post, Egyptian constellation, preserved in the 2nd millennium BCE. Based on Ramesside Star Clocks,<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref><ref>Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> it is known that it covers 1.5 RA-hours.<ref name=":12">Petrie W.M.F. (1940). Wisdom of the Egyptians. London.</ref> It designates an area of [[Bootes]], incl. [[Arcturus]]).<ref name=":22" />

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Menit.png|thumb|Menit in hieroglyphs]]
'''Variants'''
* mnít
* Menit
* Menyt
[[File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Reret with Menit from the Berlin sarcophagus of Nectanebo (credit: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.) mapped to Stellarium (CC BY SMH for WGSN).]]

=== Source ===
The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) are ceiling paintings in some tombs in the Valley of Kings, Egypt, from the Ramesside Period.<ref>Marshall Clagett (1989). Ancient Egyptian Science: Calendars, clocks, and astronomy. American Philosophical Society.</ref> They are not actually used star clocks but information on stars in transit (probably through the meridian) is provided in a tabular layout. It was assumed that they depict a practice in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belonged to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

There have been two dedicated approaches, including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>).

Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref name=":22">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref> suggest the identification of Menit with an area in [[Bootes]], including the bright star [[Arcturus]].

=== Individual Stars of the Constellation ===
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin+draw.gif|thumb|"[[Reret|rrt]] and mnt" super-constellation, depicted on the lid of Nectanebo's sarcophagus (4th century BCE); (CC BY Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)]]
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Star / Asterism Name
(transliteration)
!Translation
!RA (degr)
!RA (h)
!ident. (Belmonte 2003)
|-
|''ṯ3 nfr''
|
|Beautiful sprout
|150
|10.0
|[[Mizar]] (10.1) or [[Spica]] (10.4)
|-
|''tpy` mnỉt6''
|[[Tepiamenit]]
|Predecessor of the Pole
|
|
|Area of [[Ursa Major|Ursa Maior]] & [[Bootes|Boote]]<nowiki/>s **
|-
|''šmsw n (ḥ3t n mnỉt)3''
|
|Follower of the front of the pole
|162
|10.8
|eta Boo ([[Muphrid]])
|-
|''mnỉt''
|
|Pole or Mooring post
|165
|11.0
|[[Alkaid]]
|-
|''šmsw ỉy ḥr-s3 mnỉt''
|
|Follower which comes after the pole
|167
|11.1
|[[Alkaid]]
|-
|''(šmsw) n mnỉt4''
|
|(Follower of ) the pole
|171
|11.4
|[[Arcturus]]
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]] [[Category:Boo]]

Khepdenreret

2026-07-06T07:58:33Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Khepdenreret
| native = Khepdenreret
| translation = Buttocks of [[Reret]]
| pronounce =
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 255.072389
| dec = 30.92640423
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 0
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Khepdenreret
| starmagnitude = 3.92
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
| cat = IAU-Star Name
}}
Khepdenreret is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star ϵ Her in constellation [[Hercules]].

==Provenance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin+draw.gif|thumb|The constellation of Reret has nine stars, represented on the sarcophagus of Nectanebos (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.), and in the Ramesside Star Clocks. ]]
The name means "Buttocks of Reret" and [[Reret]] is a hippopotamus goddess in ancient Egypt who is represented by a constellation that is in charge of guaranteeing the stability of the celestial (north) pole.

Reret (also spelled Reret-Weret, “the Great Sow”) is a protective goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. She is best understood as one of the names or manifestations of Taweret, the famous hippopotamus goddess associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and the protection of mothers and infants. <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Reret depicted on a sarkophagus (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)
File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, original huge constellation, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium (small version: Bootes only, CC BY SMH for WGSN), late (Roman) smaller version of the constellation.
</gallery>

==Mythology/Religion==
Reret is a protective hippopotamus goddess, usually treated as a form of Taweret. She safeguarded pregnancy, childbirth, and infants, while also serving as a celestial guardian associated with the stars in the constellations [[Draco]], [[Hercules]], and [[Bootes]], and the ever-visible stars of the northern sky. Though less famous than Taweret, she represents one of ancient Egypt’s most vivid symbols of fierce maternal protection and cosmic stability.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name "Reret" was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2026, and due to its significance in the Egyptian culture, it was decided to use a specific name mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks for the adoption in the IAU-CSN.

ϵ Her is a multiple system, easily visible a one dot of light in the keystone-asterism central in constellation Hercules. Both components are A-type stars (A0, A2) but the exact classification is still an open research topic.
== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:modern]]
[[Category:Her]]

Tepiamenit

2026-07-06T07:56:26Z

Sushoff: /* Exoplanet */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Tepiamenit profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Tepiamenit
| native =
| translation = Predecessor of the Pole
| pronounce = Tepiamenit
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 206.8155757
| dec = 17.45689154
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 1 (τ Boo b)
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Tepiamenit
| starmagnitude = 4.49
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
| cat = IAU-Star Name
}}
[[File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star τ Boo (HIP 67275, HR 5185) in constellation [[Bootes]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Tepiamenit (spelled ''tpy` mnỉt''6) as a term is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) that are found in tombs of some Ramses kings.
[[File:Menit.png|thumb|Menit in hieroglyphs]]
"[[Menit]]" is the Pole or Mooring post and refers to the Celestial and Ecliptic Poles. In depictions it is drawn as a triangular device held at its position by [[Reret]], the Hippopotamus. [[Reret]] and [[Menit]] together form a super-constellation of high cultural importance in the ancient Egyptian sky.

As there has been no pole star in the 2nd millennium BCE, the "pole" was in a dark area and Belmonte (2003)<ref>Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref> identifies its right ascension with [[Alkaid]] (η UMa) in [[Ursa Major]].

Between Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, and the Pole itself, there is [[Muphrid]] (η Boo). In the epoch around 1250 BCE, Muphrid (11h 14m) and Alkaid (11h 18m) have almost the same right ascension. Therefore, it appears consequent to search Tepiamenit also at roughly the same right ascension and in the vicinity of Muphrid. Tepiamenit as a term is directly written in hieroglyphs in some RSCs, but without a number, close to the neighbouring right ascension (the one given for Muphrid). So, it has to be located in the area of [[Bootes]] (or Ursa Major).

Belmonte (2003) identifies τ Boo, which is separated from Muphrid by only 2°.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
[[File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Reret with Menit from the Berlin sarcophagus of Nectanebo (credit: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.) mapped to Stellarium (CC BY SMH for WGSN).]]
The name was proposed as a candidate proper name for a naked eye star in the vicinity of Muphrid that would preserve the heritage of this ancient Egyptian asterism. The WGSN adopted the name '''Tepiamenit''' for the star τ Bootis and added it to the IAU-CSN on April 16, 2026.

The name was assigned specifically to the bright (V=4.50 magnitude) F7V-type star τ Boo A (HD 120136, GJ 527A, HR 5185, HIP 67275) , which is in a binary system with a faint red dwarf companion τ Boo B.

=== Exoplanet ===

Orbiting τ Boo A / Tepiamenit on a very close-in 3.3-day orbital period orbit is the famous exoplanet τ Boo Ab, which was one of the first 'hot Jupiter' type exoplanets with >1373.03 M⨁ discovered (by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...474L.115B/abstract Paul Butler and collaborators 1997)]. τ Boo Ab and its host star were one of the initial exoplanetary systems selected for public naming in the first IAU NameExoWorlds (2015) campaign, however the top vote-getting selection was disqualified, and the system went unnamed ([https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/iau-from-new-worlds-to-exoworlds-recollections-of-a-mandate/3169A64226F084E3BF80B30F2FDBB4D5 Montmerle 2019]). <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Rrt at sarcophagus of Nectanebo (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7).
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium - version of "smaller" constellation as depicted in Dendera
File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, original huge constellation, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN)
File:Eg const pole1250BCE stellarium.jpg|Egyptian constellation of the late (Roman time) Dendera Zodiac with the precession circle and the circumpolar circle for Northern Egypt in 1250 BCE. Simulation with Stellarium<ref>Zotti, Georg; Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Wolf, Alexander; Chéreau, Fabien & Chéreau, Guillaume, "The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research", ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'', '''6(2)''' (2020), 221--258 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822</nowiki>.</ref>.
File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* NASA Exoplanet Archive entry for τ Bootis system: https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/tau%20Boo
* SIMBAD entry for star τ Bootis A: https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tau+Boo

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Boo]]

Tepiamenit

2026-07-06T07:55:17Z

Sushoff: /* Exoplanet */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Tepiamenit profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Tepiamenit
| native =
| translation = Predecessor of the Pole
| pronounce = Tepiamenit
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 206.8155757
| dec = 17.45689154
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 1 (τ Boo b)
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Tepiamenit
| starmagnitude = 4.49
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
| cat = IAU-Star Name
}}
[[File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star τ Boo (HIP 67275, HR 5185) in constellation [[Bootes]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Tepiamenit (spelled ''tpy` mnỉt''6) as a term is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) that are found in tombs of some Ramses kings.
[[File:Menit.png|thumb|Menit in hieroglyphs]]
"[[Menit]]" is the Pole or Mooring post and refers to the Celestial and Ecliptic Poles. In depictions it is drawn as a triangular device held at its position by [[Reret]], the Hippopotamus. [[Reret]] and [[Menit]] together form a super-constellation of high cultural importance in the ancient Egyptian sky.

As there has been no pole star in the 2nd millennium BCE, the "pole" was in a dark area and Belmonte (2003)<ref>Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref> identifies its right ascension with [[Alkaid]] (η UMa) in [[Ursa Major]].

Between Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, and the Pole itself, there is [[Muphrid]] (η Boo). In the epoch around 1250 BCE, Muphrid (11h 14m) and Alkaid (11h 18m) have almost the same right ascension. Therefore, it appears consequent to search Tepiamenit also at roughly the same right ascension and in the vicinity of Muphrid. Tepiamenit as a term is directly written in hieroglyphs in some RSCs, but without a number, close to the neighbouring right ascension (the one given for Muphrid). So, it has to be located in the area of [[Bootes]] (or Ursa Major).

Belmonte (2003) identifies τ Boo, which is separated from Muphrid by only 2°.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
[[File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Reret with Menit from the Berlin sarcophagus of Nectanebo (credit: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.) mapped to Stellarium (CC BY SMH for WGSN).]]
The name was proposed as a candidate proper name for a naked eye star in the vicinity of Muphrid that would preserve the heritage of this ancient Egyptian asterism. The WGSN adopted the name '''Tepiamenit''' for the star τ Bootis and added it to the IAU-CSN on April 16, 2026.

The name was assigned specifically to the bright (V=4.50 magnitude) F7V-type star τ Boo A (HD 120136, GJ 527A, HR 5185, HIP 67275) , which is in a binary system with a faint red dwarf companion τ Boo B.

=== Exoplanet ===

Orbiting τ Boo A / Tepiamenit on a very close-in 3.3-day orbital period orbit is the famous exoplanet τ Boo Ab, which was one of the first 'hot Jupiter' type exoplanets with >1373.03 M⨁ discovered (by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...474L.115B/abstract Paul Butler and collaborators 1997)]. τ Boo Ab and its host star were one of the initial exoplanetary systems selected for public naming in the first IAU NameExoWorlds (2015) campaign, however the top vote-getting selection was disqualified, and the system went unnamed ([https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/iau-from-new-worlds-to-exoworlds-recollections-of-a-mandate/3169A64226F084E3BF80B30F2FDBB4D5 Montmerle 2019]). <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Rrt at sarcophagus of Nectanebo (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7).
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium
File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).
File:Eg const pole1250BCE stellarium.jpg|Egyptian constellation of the late (Roman time) Dendera Zodiac with the precession circle and the circumpolar circle for Northern Egypt in 1250 BCE. Simulation with Stellarium<ref>Zotti, Georg; Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Wolf, Alexander; Chéreau, Fabien & Chéreau, Guillaume, "The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research", ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'', '''6(2)''' (2020), 221--258 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822</nowiki>.</ref>.
File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* NASA Exoplanet Archive entry for τ Bootis system: https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/tau%20Boo
* SIMBAD entry for star τ Bootis A: https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tau+Boo

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Boo]]

Reret

2026-07-06T07:54:43Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Hippo-hi Zodiaque de Dendéra - Musée du Louvre Antiquités Egyptiennes D 38 ; E 13482.gif|thumb|Detail from the circular zodiac of Dendera with the Hippo Goddess next to the Bull's Thigh (photo: Musée du Louvre, GIF SMH).]]
[[File:Taweret Amulet MET 21.6.47 EGDP021762.jpg|thumb|Taweret Amulet MET 21.6.47 EGDP021762 (CC0, wikicommons)]]
Reret, ''rrt'', The Hippotamus, is an Egyptian constellation, preserved in the 2nd millennium BCE. It is also called Isis Djamet. Based on Ramesside Star Clocks,<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref><ref>Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> it is known that it covers 5 RA-hours.<ref name=":1">Petrie W.M.F. (1940). Wisdom of the Egyptians. London.</ref> Reret / Isis-Dajamet is one of the most important constellations of ancient Egyptian skies present in all celestial diagrams and in mythology, as in the Book of Day and Night in the vault of the burial chamber in the tomb of Ramesses VI where teh texts mention Isis in the form of Reret handling two mooring posts, where Meskhetyu (the leg of Seth) is fixed with two chains of gold so that it can not travel through the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Reret is depicted as a bipedal hippopotamus in a fashion virtually identical to Ipy or Taweret, from whom she is distinguished by her astral associations. She is a goddess of fertility and childbirth. [[File:Reret IsisDjamet.png|thumb|Reret in hieroglyphs]]
'''Variants'''

* ''rrt''
* Reret
* Rert

=== Sources ===
[[File:RamesssideStarClocks-schemaBelmonte2003.jpeg|thumb|Ramessside Star Clocks schematically, fig. 1 in Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":0" />]]
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess_sarcophagus_NeuesMusBerlin%2Bdraw.gif|thumb|Constellation "'''Reret'''" depicted on a sarcophagus, represented by 9 asterisks (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)]]
[[File:Stars in Reret+itsPole Belmonte2003-tab2 RSC.png|thumb|Stars in the Egyptian constellation Reret mentioned in the RSCs (CC BY Belmonte 2003<ref name=":0">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>, tab. 2).]]
The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) are ceiling paintings in some tombs in the Valley of Kings, Egypt, from the Ramesside Period.<ref>Marshall Clagett (1989). Ancient Egyptian Science: Calendars, clocks, and astronomy. American Philosophical Society.</ref> They are not actually used star clocks but information on stars in transit (probably through the meridian) provided in tabular layout. It was assumed that they depict a practice in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

There has been two dedicated approaches including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":02">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":12">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

Leitz (1995)<ref name=":02" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>).

=== Individual Stars / Body Parts ===
Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref name=":22">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref> suggest the identification of Reret with a "Large area near the Pole covering from Lyra to Boötes Vega is a form of Isis". There are 9 stars related to Reret named in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC)<ref name=":0" />.

Nine star names are given in the RSC and nine stars are drawn for Reret on the sarcophagus in Berlin (see image on the right).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Star / Asterism Name
(transliteration)
!Translation
!RA (degr)
!RA (h)
!ident. (Belmonte 2003)
|-
|''rd n rrt''
|
|Foot of the hippopotamus
|
|
|rho Boo
|-
|''rdwy n rrt4''
|
|Feet of the hippopotamus
|180
|12.0
|[[Izar]] -eps Boo- (12.1) & rho Boo (11.9)
|-
|''pd n rrt''
|
|Knee of the hippopotamus
|198
|13.2
|[[Alphecca]] (13.5),
|-
|''ḥry-ỉb mnty=s''
|
|Middle of her thighs
|206
|13.7
|[[Alphecca]] (13.5) & CrB
|-
|''b3ḥ n rrt5''
|
|Vulva of the hippopotamus
|211
|14.0
|Between [[Corona Borealis|Corona Bor]] & [[Hercules]]
|-
|''ḫpd n rrt4''
|[[Khepdenreret]]
|Buttocks of the hippopotamus
|219
|14.6
|eps Her (14.8) & zet Her (14.5)
|-
|''mndt nt rrt6''
|
|Breast of the hippopotamus
|228
|15.2
|pi Her (15.3)
|-
|''ns=s''
|
|Her tongue
|240
|16.0
|[[Rastaban]] - bet Dra- (16.2)
|-
|''šwty nt rrt6''
|
|The 2 feathers of hippopotamus
|250
|16.7
|[[Lyra]] with [[Vega]] (16.7)
|}

[[File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|thumb|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).]]

=== Other Identification(s) ===

* "..." (Belmonte 2003)<ref name=":0" />
* "..." (Belmonte & Lull 2023)<ref>Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref>
* Petrie's drawing also extends across this area
* The circular zodiac in Dendera the image is drawn .... An accurate identification is not possible but it matches the suggestions above.

=== Transformations & Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Eg const pole1250BCE stellarium.jpg|Hippopotamus of Denderah, (probably wrongly) coloured image, mapped to the Stellarium star chart
File:Fig 4 45 Petrie1940 sky.jpg|Star map of the Egyptian Sky for the Ramesside Star Clocks. Petrie W.M.F. (1940)<ref name=":1" />. Wisdom of the Egyptians. London, fig. 4.45.
File:Egypt Rert stellarium-RSC.jpg|Egyptian constellation Reret, The Female Hippotamus, identified with Ramesside Star Clocks, mapped to Stellarium (CC BY Petrie 1940, SMH 2026). For this screenshot the time and date settings are Alexandria -1180.
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Constellation "'''Reret'''" depicted on Nectanebo's sarcophagus, represented by 9 asterisks, seba, (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)
File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).
</gallery>

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Reret was primarily a household goddess rather than a state deity with large temples. Her principal functions were: Guarding pregnant women during labor, protecting newborn children, repelling demons and malevolent spirits, assisting in rebirth and regeneration. Amulets and figurines of Reret/Taweret were commonly placed in homes, on beds, and in birth chambers.astronomical aspect. She was associated with the northern circumpolar stars, particularly the constellation Draco, Bootes and Hercules.

As a celestial goddess, she was called '''Mistress of the Horizon''' and watched over the heavens. The ancient Egyptians regarded the circumpolar stars as “imperishable” because they never set below the horizon. These stars symbolized eternal life, making Reret a guardian not only of childbirth but also of cosmic order and immortality.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name "Reret" suggested to be considered by the IAU WGSN in 2023. Reret extends for four hours of RA (from the RSCs) and is probably close to the celestial north pole in the late 2nd millennium BCE. The figure is huge and no single (faint) star can be justified to bear this culturally very important name. Hence, the WGSN chose to represent the figure with a more specific name

... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* [https://www.smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/aegyptisches-museum-und-papyrussammlung/sammeln-forschen/sammlung/ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung]

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Boo]][[Category:CrB‎]]
[[Category:Dra]]

Reret

2026-07-06T07:53:52Z

Sushoff: /* Transformations & Image Variants */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Hippo-hi Zodiaque de Dendéra - Musée du Louvre Antiquités Egyptiennes D 38 ; E 13482.gif|thumb|Detail from the circular zodiac of Dendera with the Hippo Goddess next to the Bull's Thigh (photo: Musée du Louvre, GIF SMH).]]
[[File:Taweret Amulet MET 21.6.47 EGDP021762.jpg|thumb|Taweret Amulet MET 21.6.47 EGDP021762 (CC0, wikicommons)]]
Reret, ''rrt'', The Hippotamus, is an Egyptian constellation, preserved in the 2nd millennium BCE. It is also called Isis Djamet. Based on Ramesside Star Clocks,<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref><ref>Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> it is known that it covers 5 RA-hours.<ref name=":1">Petrie W.M.F. (1940). Wisdom of the Egyptians. London.</ref> Reret / Isis-Dajamet is one of the most important constellations of ancient Egyptian skies present in all celestial diagrams and in mythology, as in the Book of Day and Night in the vault of the burial chamber in the tomb of Ramesses VI where teh texts mention Isis in the form of Reret handling two mooring posts, where Meskhetyu (the leg of Seth) is fixed with two chains of gold so that it can not travel through the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Reret is depicted as a bipedal hippopotamus in a fashion virtually identical to Ipy or Taweret, from whom she is distinguished by her astral associations. She is a goddess of fertility and childbirth. [[File:Reret IsisDjamet.png|thumb|Reret in hieroglyphs]]
'''Variants'''

* ''rrt''
* Reret
* Rert

=== Sources ===
[[File:RamesssideStarClocks-schemaBelmonte2003.jpeg|thumb|Ramessside Star Clocks schematically, fig. 1 in Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":0" />]]
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess_sarcophagus_NeuesMusBerlin%2Bdraw.gif|thumb|Constellation "'''Reret'''" depicted on a sarcophagus, represented by 9 asterisks (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)]]
[[File:Stars in Reret+itsPole Belmonte2003-tab2 RSC.png|thumb|Stars in the Egyptian constellation Reret mentioned in the RSCs (CC BY Belmonte 2003<ref name=":0">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>, tab. 2).]]
The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) are ceiling paintings in some tombs in the Valley of Kings, Egypt, from the Ramesside Period.<ref>Marshall Clagett (1989). Ancient Egyptian Science: Calendars, clocks, and astronomy. American Philosophical Society.</ref> They are not actually used star clocks but information on stars in transit (probably through the meridian) provided in tabular layout. It was assumed that they depict a practice in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

There has been two dedicated approaches including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":02">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":12">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

Leitz (1995)<ref name=":02" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>).

=== Individual Stars / Body Parts ===
Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref name=":22">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref> suggest the identification of Reret with a "Large area near the Pole covering from Lyra to Boötes Vega is a form of Isis". There are 9 stars related to Reret named in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC)<ref name=":0" />.

Nine star names are given in the RSC and nine stars are drawn for Reret on the sarcophagus in Berlin (see image on the right).
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Star / Asterism Name
(transliteration)
!Translation
!RA (degr)
!RA (h)
!ident. (Belmonte 2003)
|-
|''rd n rrt''
|
|Foot of the hippopotamus
|
|
|rho Boo
|-
|''rdwy n rrt4''
|
|Feet of the hippopotamus
|180
|12.0
|[[Izar]] -eps Boo- (12.1) & rho Boo (11.9)
|-
|''pd n rrt''
|
|Knee of the hippopotamus
|198
|13.2
|[[Alphecca]] (13.5),
|-
|''ḥry-ỉb mnty=s''
|
|Middle of her thighs
|206
|13.7
|[[Alphecca]] (13.5) & CrB
|-
|''b3ḥ n rrt5''
|
|Vulva of the hippopotamus
|211
|14.0
|Between [[Corona Borealis|Corona Bor]] & [[Hercules]]
|-
|''ḫpd n rrt4''
|[[Khepdenreret]]
|Buttocks of the hippopotamus
|219
|14.6
|eps Her (14.8) & zet Her (14.5)
|-
|''mndt nt rrt6''
|
|Breast of the hippopotamus
|228
|15.2
|pi Her (15.3)
|-
|''ns=s''
|
|Her tongue
|240
|16.0
|[[Rastaban]] - bet Dra- (16.2)
|-
|''šwty nt rrt6''
|
|The 2 feathers of hippopotamus
|250
|16.7
|[[Lyra]] with [[Vega]] (16.7)
|}

=== Other Identification(s) ===

* "..." (Belmonte 2003)<ref name=":0" />
* "..." (Belmonte & Lull 2023)<ref>Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer.</ref>
* Petrie's drawing also extends across this area
* The circular zodiac in Dendera the image is drawn .... An accurate identification is not possible but it matches the suggestions above.

=== Transformations & Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Eg const pole1250BCE stellarium.jpg|Hippopotamus of Denderah, (probably wrongly) coloured image, mapped to the Stellarium star chart
File:Fig 4 45 Petrie1940 sky.jpg|Star map of the Egyptian Sky for the Ramesside Star Clocks. Petrie W.M.F. (1940)<ref name=":1" />. Wisdom of the Egyptians. London, fig. 4.45.
File:Egypt Rert stellarium-RSC.jpg|Egyptian constellation Reret, The Female Hippotamus, identified with Ramesside Star Clocks, mapped to Stellarium (CC BY Petrie 1940, SMH 2026). For this screenshot the time and date settings are Alexandria -1180.
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Constellation "'''Reret'''" depicted on Nectanebo's sarcophagus, represented by 9 asterisks, seba, (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)
File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).
</gallery>

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
Reret was primarily a household goddess rather than a state deity with large temples. Her principal functions were: Guarding pregnant women during labor, protecting newborn children, repelling demons and malevolent spirits, assisting in rebirth and regeneration. Amulets and figurines of Reret/Taweret were commonly placed in homes, on beds, and in birth chambers.astronomical aspect. She was associated with the northern circumpolar stars, particularly the constellation Draco, Bootes and Hercules.

As a celestial goddess, she was called '''Mistress of the Horizon''' and watched over the heavens. The ancient Egyptians regarded the circumpolar stars as “imperishable” because they never set below the horizon. These stars symbolized eternal life, making Reret a guardian not only of childbirth but also of cosmic order and immortality.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name "Reret" suggested to be considered by the IAU WGSN in 2023. Reret extends for four hours of RA (from the RSCs) and is probably close to the celestial north pole in the late 2nd millennium BCE. The figure is huge and no single (faint) star can be justified to bear this culturally very important name. Hence, the WGSN chose to represent the figure with a more specific name

... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

* [https://www.smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/aegyptisches-museum-und-papyrussammlung/sammeln-forschen/sammlung/ Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung]

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Boo]][[Category:CrB‎]]
[[Category:Dra]]

File:Rrt+mnt IAUstarNames stellarium.jpg

2026-07-06T07:53:22Z

Sushoff: Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).

== Summary ==
Reret and Menit on Stellarium map, with the two IAU-star names Khepdenreret and Tepiamenit (CC BY WGSN).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Khepdenreret

2026-07-06T07:10:51Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Khepdenreret
| native = Khepdenreret
| translation = Buttocks of [[Reret]]
| pronounce =
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 255.072389
| dec = 30.92640423
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 0
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Khepdenreret
| starmagnitude = 3.92
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
| cat = IAU-Star Name
}}
Khepdenreret is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star ϵ Her in constellation [[Hercules]].

==Provenance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin+draw.gif|thumb|The constellation of Reret has nine stars, represented on the sarcophagus of Nectanebos (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.), and in the Ramesside Star Clocks. ]]
The name means "Buttocks of Reret" and [[Reret]] is a hippopotamus goddess in ancient Egypt who is represented by a constellation that is in charge of guaranteeing the stability of the celestial (north) pole.

Reret (also spelled Reret-Weret, “the Great Sow”) is a protective goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. She is best understood as one of the names or manifestations of Taweret, the famous hippopotamus goddess associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and the protection of mothers and infants. <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Reret depicted on a sarkophagus (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium (small version: Bootes only, CC BY SMH for WGSN)
</gallery>

==Mythology/Religion==
Reret is a protective hippopotamus goddess, usually treated as a form of Taweret. She safeguarded pregnancy, childbirth, and infants, while also serving as a celestial guardian associated with the stars in the constellations [[Draco]], [[Hercules]], and [[Bootes]], and the ever-visible stars of the northern sky. Though less famous than Taweret, she represents one of ancient Egypt’s most vivid symbols of fierce maternal protection and cosmic stability.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name "Reret" was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2026, and due to its significance in the Egyptian culture, it was decided to use a specific name mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks for the adoption in the IAU-CSN.

ϵ Her is a multiple system, easily visible a one dot of light in the keystone-asterism central in constellation Hercules. Both components are A-type stars (A0, A2) but the exact classification is still an open research topic.
== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:modern]]
[[Category:Her]]

Khepdenreret

2026-07-06T07:10:26Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Khepdenreret
| native = Khepdenreret
| translation = Buttocks of Reret
| pronounce =
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 255.072389
| dec = 30.92640423
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 0
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Khepdenreret
| starmagnitude = 3.92
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
| cat = IAU-Star Name
}}
Khepdenreret is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star ϵ Her in constellation [[Hercules]].

==Provenance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin+draw.gif|thumb|The constellation of Reret has nine stars, represented on the sarcophagus of Nectanebos (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.), and in the Ramesside Star Clocks. ]]
The name means "Buttocks of Reret" and [[Reret]] is a hippopotamus goddess in ancient Egypt who is represented by a constellation that is in charge of guaranteeing the stability of the celestial (north) pole.

Reret (also spelled Reret-Weret, “the Great Sow”) is a protective goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. She is best understood as one of the names or manifestations of Taweret, the famous hippopotamus goddess associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and the protection of mothers and infants. <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Reret depicted on a sarkophagus (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium (small version: Bootes only, CC BY SMH for WGSN)
</gallery>

==Mythology/Religion==
Reret is a protective hippopotamus goddess, usually treated as a form of Taweret. She safeguarded pregnancy, childbirth, and infants, while also serving as a celestial guardian associated with the stars in the constellations [[Draco]], [[Hercules]], and [[Bootes]], and the ever-visible stars of the northern sky. Though less famous than Taweret, she represents one of ancient Egypt’s most vivid symbols of fierce maternal protection and cosmic stability.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name "Reret" was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2026, and due to its significance in the Egyptian culture, it was decided to use a specific name mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks for the adoption in the IAU-CSN.

ϵ Her is a multiple system, easily visible a one dot of light in the keystone-asterism central in constellation Hercules. Both components are A-type stars (A0, A2) but the exact classification is still an open research topic.
== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:modern]]
[[Category:Her]]

Khepdenreret

2026-07-06T07:10:08Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Khepdenreret
| native =
| translation = Buttocks of Reret
| pronounce =
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 255.072389
| dec = 30.92640423
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 0
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Khepdenreret
| starmagnitude = 3.92
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
| cat = IAU-Star Name
}}
Khepdenreret is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star ϵ Her in constellation [[Hercules]].

==Provenance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin+draw.gif|thumb|The constellation of Reret has nine stars, represented on the sarcophagus of Nectanebos (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.), and in the Ramesside Star Clocks. ]]
The name means "Buttocks of Reret" and [[Reret]] is a hippopotamus goddess in ancient Egypt who is represented by a constellation that is in charge of guaranteeing the stability of the celestial (north) pole.

Reret (also spelled Reret-Weret, “the Great Sow”) is a protective goddess in ancient Egyptian religion. She is best understood as one of the names or manifestations of Taweret, the famous hippopotamus goddess associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and the protection of mothers and infants. <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Reret depicted on a sarkophagus (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.)
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium (small version: Bootes only, CC BY SMH for WGSN)
</gallery>

==Mythology/Religion==
Reret is a protective hippopotamus goddess, usually treated as a form of Taweret. She safeguarded pregnancy, childbirth, and infants, while also serving as a celestial guardian associated with the stars in the constellations [[Draco]], [[Hercules]], and [[Bootes]], and the ever-visible stars of the northern sky. Though less famous than Taweret, she represents one of ancient Egypt’s most vivid symbols of fierce maternal protection and cosmic stability.

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name "Reret" was discussed and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2026, and due to its significance in the Egyptian culture, it was decided to use a specific name mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks for the adoption in the IAU-CSN.

ϵ Her is a multiple system, easily visible a one dot of light in the keystone-asterism central in constellation Hercules. Both components are A-type stars (A0, A2) but the exact classification is still an open research topic.
== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]

[[Category:Asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]] [[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:modern]]
[[Category:Her]]

Tepiamenit

2026-07-06T07:06:37Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Tepiamenit profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Tepiamenit
| native =
| translation = Predecessor of the Pole
| pronounce = Tepiamenit
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 206.8155757
| dec = 17.45689154
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 1 (τ Boo b)
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Tepiamenit
| starmagnitude = 4.49
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
| cat = IAU-Star Name
}}
[[File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star τ Boo (HIP 67275, HR 5185) in constellation [[Bootes]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Tepiamenit (spelled ''tpy` mnỉt''6) as a term is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) that are found in tombs of some Ramses kings.
[[File:Menit.png|thumb|Menit in hieroglyphs]]
"[[Menit]]" is the Pole or Mooring post and refers to the Celestial and Ecliptic Poles. In depictions it is drawn as a triangular device held at its position by [[Reret]], the Hippopotamus. [[Reret]] and [[Menit]] together form a super-constellation of high cultural importance in the ancient Egyptian sky.

As there has been no pole star in the 2nd millennium BCE, the "pole" was in a dark area and Belmonte (2003)<ref>Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref> identifies its right ascension with [[Alkaid]] (η UMa) in [[Ursa Major]].

Between Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, and the Pole itself, there is [[Muphrid]] (η Boo). In the epoch around 1250 BCE, Muphrid (11h 14m) and Alkaid (11h 18m) have almost the same right ascension. Therefore, it appears consequent to search Tepiamenit also at roughly the same right ascension and in the vicinity of Muphrid. Tepiamenit as a term is directly written in hieroglyphs in some RSCs, but without a number, close to the neighbouring right ascension (the one given for Muphrid). So, it has to be located in the area of [[Bootes]] (or Ursa Major).

Belmonte (2003) identifies τ Boo, which is separated from Muphrid by only 2°.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
[[File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Reret with Menit from the Berlin sarcophagus of Nectanebo (credit: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.) mapped to Stellarium (CC BY SMH for WGSN).]]
The name was proposed as a candidate proper name for a naked eye star in the vicinity of Muphrid that would preserve the heritage of this ancient Egyptian asterism. The WGSN adopted the name '''Tepiamenit''' for the star τ Bootis and added it to the IAU-CSN on April 16, 2026.

The name was assigned specifically to the bright (V=4.50 magnitude) F7V-type star τ Boo A (HD 120136, GJ 527A, HR 5185, HIP 67275) , which is in a binary system with a faint red dwarf companion τ Boo B.

=== Exoplanet ===

Orbiting τ Boo A / Tepiamenit on a very close-in 3.3-day orbital period orbit is the famous exoplanet τ Boo Ab, which was one of the first 'hot Jupiter' type exoplanets with >1373.03 M⨁ discovered (by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...474L.115B/abstract Paul Butler and collaborators 1997)]. τ Boo Ab and its host star were one of the initial exoplanetary systems selected for public naming in the first IAU NameExoWorlds (2015) campaign, however the top vote-getting selection was disqualified, and the system went unnamed ([https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/iau-from-new-worlds-to-exoworlds-recollections-of-a-mandate/3169A64226F084E3BF80B30F2FDBB4D5 Montmerle 2019]). <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Rrt at sarcophagus of Nectanebo (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7).
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium
File:Eg_const_pole1250BCE_stellarium.jpg|Egyptian constellation of the late (Roman time) Dendera Zodiac with the precession circle and the circumpolar circle for Northern Egypt in 1250 BCE. Simulation with Stellarium<ref>Zotti, Georg; Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Wolf, Alexander; Chéreau, Fabien & Chéreau, Guillaume, "The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research", ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'', '''6(2)''' (2020), 221--258 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822</nowiki>.</ref>.
File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* NASA Exoplanet Archive entry for τ Bootis system: https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/tau%20Boo
* SIMBAD entry for star τ Bootis A: https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tau+Boo

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Boo]]

Tepiamenit

2026-07-06T07:05:22Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Tepiamenit profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Tepiamenit
| native =
| translation = Predecessor of the Pole
| pronounce = Tepiamenit
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 206.8155757
| dec = 17.45689154
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 1 (τ Boo b)
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Tepiamenit
| starmagnitude = 4.49
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
}}
[[File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star τ Boo (HIP 67275, HR 5185) in constellation [[Bootes]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Tepiamenit (spelled ''tpy` mnỉt''6) as a term is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) that are found in tombs of some Ramses kings.
[[File:Menit.png|thumb|Menit in hieroglyphs]]
"[[Menit]]" is the Pole or Mooring post and refers to the Celestial and Ecliptic Poles. In depictions it is drawn as a triangular device held at its position by [[Reret]], the Hippopotamus. [[Reret]] and [[Menit]] together form a super-constellation of high cultural importance in the ancient Egyptian sky.

As there has been no pole star in the 2nd millennium BCE, the "pole" was in a dark area and Belmonte (2003)<ref>Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref> identifies its right ascension with [[Alkaid]] (η UMa) in [[Ursa Major]].

Between Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, and the Pole itself, there is [[Muphrid]] (η Boo). In the epoch around 1250 BCE, Muphrid (11h 14m) and Alkaid (11h 18m) have almost the same right ascension. Therefore, it appears consequent to search Tepiamenit also at roughly the same right ascension and in the vicinity of Muphrid. Tepiamenit as a term is directly written in hieroglyphs in some RSCs, but without a number, close to the neighbouring right ascension (the one given for Muphrid). So, it has to be located in the area of [[Bootes]] (or Ursa Major).

Belmonte (2003) identifies τ Boo, which is separated from Muphrid by only 2°.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
[[File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Reret with Menit from the Berlin sarcophagus of Nectanebo (credit: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.) mapped to Stellarium (CC BY SMH for WGSN).]]
The name was proposed as a candidate proper name for a naked eye star in the vicinity of Muphrid that would preserve the heritage of this ancient Egyptian asterism. The WGSN adopted the name '''Tepiamenit''' for the star τ Bootis and added it to the IAU-CSN on April 16, 2026.

The name was assigned specifically to the bright (V=4.50 magnitude) F7V-type star τ Boo A (HD 120136, GJ 527A, HR 5185, HIP 67275) , which is in a binary system with a faint red dwarf companion τ Boo B.

=== Exoplanet ===

Orbiting τ Boo A / Tepiamenit on a very close-in 3.3-day orbital period orbit is the famous exoplanet τ Boo Ab, which was one of the first 'hot Jupiter' type exoplanets with >1373.03 M⨁ discovered (by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...474L.115B/abstract Paul Butler and collaborators 1997)]. τ Boo Ab and its host star were one of the initial exoplanetary systems selected for public naming in the first IAU NameExoWorlds (2015) campaign, however the top vote-getting selection was disqualified, and the system went unnamed ([https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/iau-from-new-worlds-to-exoworlds-recollections-of-a-mandate/3169A64226F084E3BF80B30F2FDBB4D5 Montmerle 2019]). <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Rrt at sarcophagus of Nectanebo (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7).
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium
File:Eg_const_pole1250BCE_stellarium.jpg|Egyptian constellation of the late (Roman time) Dendera Zodiac with the precession circle and the circumpolar circle for Northern Egypt in 1250 BCE. Simulation with Stellarium<ref>Zotti, Georg; Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Wolf, Alexander; Chéreau, Fabien & Chéreau, Guillaume, "The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research", ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'', '''6(2)''' (2020), 221--258 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822</nowiki>.</ref>.
File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* NASA Exoplanet Archive entry for τ Bootis system: https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/tau%20Boo
* SIMBAD entry for star τ Bootis A: https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tau+Boo

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Boo]]

Tepiamenit

2026-07-06T07:01:30Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Tepiamenit profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Tepiamenit
| native =
| translation = Predecessor of the Pole
| pronounce = Tepiamenit
| IPA =
| culture = Egypt
| RA = 206.8155757
| dec = 17.45689154
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 1
| numberbfstars = 1
| numberstarsplanets = 1 (τ Boo b)
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Tepiamenit
| starmagnitude = 4.49
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
}}
[[File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).]]
Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is ancient Egyptian. It is the name of the star τ Boo (HIP 67275, HR 5185) in constellation [[Bootes]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Tepiamenit (spelled ''tpy` mnỉt''6) as a term is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC) that are found in tombs of some Ramses kings.
[[File:Menit.png|thumb|Menit in hieroglyphs]]
"[[Menit]]" is the Pole or Mooring post and refers to the Celestial and Ecliptic Poles. In depictions it is drawn as a triangular device held at its position by [[Reret]], the Hippopotamus. [[Reret]] and [[Menit]] together form a super-constellation of high cultural importance in the ancient Egyptian sky.

As there has been no pole star in the 2nd millennium BCE, the "pole" was in a dark area and Belmonte (2003)<ref>Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref> identifies its right ascension with [[Alkaid]] (η UMa) in [[Ursa Major]].

Between Tepiamenit, Predecessor of the Pole, and the Pole itself, there is [[Muphrid]] (η Boo). In the epoch around 1250 BCE, Muphrid (11h 14m) and Alkaid (11h 18m) have almost the same right ascension. Therefore, it appears consequent to search Tepiamenit also at roughly the same right ascension and in the vicinity of Muphrid. Tepiamenit as a term is directly written in hieroglyphs in some RSCs, but without a number, close to the neighbouring right ascension (the one given for Muphrid). So, it has to be located in the area of [[Bootes]] (or Ursa Major).

Belmonte (2003) identifies τ Boo, which is separated from Muphrid by only 2°.

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
[[File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Reret with Menit from the Berlin sarcophagus of Nectanebo (credit: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7.) mapped to Stellarium (CC BY SMH for WGSN).]]
The name was proposed as a candidate proper name for a naked eye star in the vicinity of Muphrid that would preserve the heritage of this ancient Egyptian asterism. The WGSN adopted the name '''Tepiamenit''' for the star τ Bootis and added it to the IAU-CSN on April 16, 2026.

The name was assigned specifically to the bright (V=4.50 magnitude) F7V-type star τ Boo A (HD 120136, GJ 527A, HR 5185, HIP 67275) , which is in a binary system with a faint red dwarf companion τ Boo B. Orbiting τ Boo A / Tepiamenit on a very close-in 3.3-day orbital period orbit is the famous exoplanet τ Boo Ab, which was one of the first 'hot Jupiter' type exoplanets discovered (by [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...474L.115B/abstract Paul Butler and collaborators 1997)]. τ Boo Ab and its host star were one of the initial exoplanetary systems selected for public naming in the first IAU NameExoWorlds (2015) campaign, however the top vote-getting selection was disqualified, and the system went unnamed ([https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-international-astronomical-union/article/iau-from-new-worlds-to-exoworlds-recollections-of-a-mandate/3169A64226F084E3BF80B30F2FDBB4D5 Montmerle 2019]). <gallery>
File:Rrt-hippoGoddess sarcophagus NeuesMusBerlin.jpg|Rrt at sarcophagus of Nectanebo (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, ÄM 7).
File:Reret+Menit stellarium.jpg|Reret and Menit (Berlin) mapped to Stellarium
File:Eg_const_pole1250BCE_stellarium.jpg|Egyptian constellation of the late (Roman time) Dendera Zodiac with the precession circle and the circumpolar circle for Northern Egypt in 1250 BCE. Simulation with Stellarium<ref>Zotti, Georg; Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Wolf, Alexander; Chéreau, Fabien & Chéreau, Guillaume, "The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research", ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'', '''6(2)''' (2020), 221--258 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822</nowiki>.</ref>.
File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* NASA Exoplanet Archive entry for τ Bootis system: https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/tau%20Boo
* SIMBAD entry for star τ Bootis A: https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tau+Boo

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]]
[[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Boo]]

Qedty

2026-07-06T06:19:18Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----Qedty (ḳdty), The Two Nets, one of them would be [[Corona Australis]] is an Egyptian name, used in RSC/ ... .

<here comes a short explanation: what is the earliest known occurance, what does it mean in their culture, perhaps were it stems from if e.g. taken over from other roots...>

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
What does the term mean, does it always have the same meaning - was it changed over time.

=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|modern mapping by author XY
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 2
Example.jpg|modern mapping by author AB
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== IAU WGSN star name discussion ==
The name was suggested for a star in CrA in 2023. It is still under discussion.

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]][[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]]

Wia

2026-07-06T05:54:13Z

Sushoff:

File:Sgr dendera stellarium.jpg

2026-07-06T05:54:04Z

Sushoff:

Wia on the circular zodiac of Dendera

Wia

2026-07-06T05:49:39Z

Sushoff:

Wia

2026-07-06T05:38:20Z

Sushoff:

File:Sgr dendera 3x.jpg

2026-07-06T05:32:56Z

Sushoff: The figure in the place of Sagittarius on the circular zodiac in Denderah (two photos, one drawing, CC BY WGSN).

== Summary ==
The figure in the place of Sagittarius on the circular zodiac in Denderah (two photos, one drawing, CC BY WGSN).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Kemenu

2026-07-06T05:23:34Z

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
Kemenu (... 𓈖...𓅓 𓅱), Crew, is an Egyptian constellation of three stars ρ Sgr - 44 Sgr. (Stars of) Kenmu, 17th decan in Egyptian astral science, has its heliacal rise in month Peret, represented by a small group of stars around rho1 Sgr.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Juan, what is the origin here - is that in the RSC???

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focused on the so-called decan-constellation (further south).
<gallery>
File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).
File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg|Schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.
File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg|Explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier
File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)
File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif|Tomb of Ramses IX with a RSC, detail photograph by J. Belmonte.
</gallery>

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== IAU WGSN star name discussion ==
The name was proposed to WGSN in 2025. As Kemenu means something as "crew", we are not sure if it would be appropriate for a single star. Juan Belmonte suggests to look for any pair of closing stars or a star which is multiple (not to the naked eye) in the area east of Kaus Australis, as in that case, it may suit. Therefore, we pick HIP 89637 is 6.03 mag in V.

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]][[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]]

Gudja

2026-07-05T20:08:12Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Gudja}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Washington DC Zoo - Varanus mertensi 2.jpg|thumb|''Mertens' Water Monitor,'' Water Goanna (CC BY Jarek Tuszyński)]]
[[File:Gudja profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Gudja profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Gudja is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Aboriginal/ Wardaman. It is the name of HIP 77450 (κ Ser, HR 5879) in constellation Ser.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Gudja stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Gudja stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Gudja is the Wardaman name of κ Ser, from the Northern Territory, Australia. Gudja is a Water Goanna, related to birth and rebirth. It is part of the bright trio of stars in Serpens Caput, which also include Munin the Rock Cod (γ Ser) and the Mungamungga birthing place (β Ser), likened to a little hospital. Gudja is involved with the birthing process, which includes sacred ritual practices. The Spiritual Women at the birthing and blessing site in Serpens Caput are connected to the sacred areas of Crux and enacted at Munin Rock and Yinggalarri.<gallery>
File:Muning b.jpg|"Gudja" in a Wardaman star map (CC BY Cairns and Harney 2004).
File:Varanus mertensi 1zz.jpg
File:Varanus mertensi 15462851.jpg
File:Varanus mertensi - Wyndham WA.jpg
</gallery>Dark Sparklers (2003:<ref name=":0">Cairns, H. and Harney, B.Y. (2003) Dark Sparklers - Yidumduma's Aboriginal Astronomy. H.C. Cairns, Merimbula, NSW</ref> 110):<blockquote>In Serpens Caput nearby the Water Goanna, Gudja is already to do with birth and rebirth, as above. Gudja takes across the Spiritual Women's song related to the Warrbarri rock art site, a song to do with 'the little hospital for the birthing'. Willy Wagtail also is involved with this at Jirin-Jirin where the Water Goanna provides a very dangerous scent, so this story in land and sky is telling of dangerous things. A very special sweat smell is given to the women by Gudja, and the fatty base is worn by them. The sweat drips like fumes; and this human smell of fat, like the colour black, is very dangerous. The sacred context is the awesome reality of Birth, for the child is smothered in his special lineament at birth. </blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2018/08/10.

Gudja is a red giant roughly 3x the mass of the Sun that has already left the main-sequence and blew up to a size of 71 solar radii. At its position only 18° north of the celestial equator with an apparent magnitude of 4.09, it is visible almost everywhere on Earth. It's rushing towards us at a speed 1000x of cars on highways.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Cairns, H. and Harney, B.Y. (2003) Dark Sparklers - Yidumduma's Aboriginal Astronomy. H.C. Cairns, Merimbula, NSW. pp. 107-113.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Ser]] [[Category:Wardaman]][[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:Australia and New Zealand]] [[Category:Oceania]]

Gudja

2026-07-05T20:07:08Z

Sushoff: /* Mythology */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Gudja}}
Authors: IAU-WGSN Etymology Group, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Washington DC Zoo - Varanus mertensi 2.jpg|thumb|''Mertens' Water Monitor,'' Water Goanna (CC BY Jarek Tuszyński)]]
[[File:Gudja profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Gudja profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Gudja is a modern star name adopted by the International Astronomical Union in the IAU-Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN). Its origin is Aboriginal/ Wardaman. It is the name of HIP 77450 (κ Ser, HR 5879) in constellation Ser.

==Etymology and History==
[[File:Gudja stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Gudja stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Gudja is the Wardaman name of κ Ser, from the Northern Territory, Australia. Gudja is a Water Goanna, related to birth and rebirth. It is part of the bright trio of stars in Serpens Caput, which also include Munin the Rock Cod (γ Ser) and the Mungamungga birthing place (β Ser), likened to a little hospital. Gudja is involved with the birthing process, which includes sacred ritual practices. The Spiritual Women at the birthing and blessing site in Serpens Caput are connected to the sacred areas of Crux and enacted at Munin Rock and Yinggalarri.<gallery>
File:Muning b.jpg|"Gudja" in a Wardaman star map (CC BY Cairns and Harney 2004).
File:Varanus mertensi 1zz.jpg
File:Varanus mertensi 15462851.jpg
File:Varanus mertensi - Wyndham WA.jpg
</gallery>Dark Sparklers (2003:<ref name=":0">Cairns, H. and Harney, B.Y. (2003) Dark Sparklers - Yidumduma's Aboriginal Astronomy. H.C. Cairns, Merimbula, NSW</ref> 111):<blockquote>In Serpens Caput nearby the Water Goanna, Gudja is already to do with birth and rebirth, as above. Gudja takes across the Spiritual Women's song related to the Warrbarri rock art site, a song to do with 'the little hospital for the birthing'. Willy Wagtail also is involved with this at Jirin-Jirin where the Water Goanna provides a very dangerous scent, so this story in land and sky is telling of dangerous things. A very special sweat smell is given to the women by Gudja, and the fatty base is worn by them. The sweat drips like fumes; and this human smell of fat, like the colour black, is very dangerous. The sacred context is the awesome reality of Birth, for the child is smothered in his special lineament at birth. </blockquote>

==Mythology==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was adopted by the IAU WGSN on 2018/08/10.

Gudja is a red giant roughly 3x the mass of the Sun that has already left the main-sequence and blew up to a size of 71 solar radii. At its position only 18° north of the celestial equator with an apparent magnitude of 4.09, it is visible almost everywhere on Earth. It's rushing towards us at a speed 1000x of cars on highways.

==Weblinks==
* Website of the IAU WGSN: https://exopla.net/

==Reference==
*[[References|References (general)]]
* Cairns, H. and Harney, B.Y. (2003) Dark Sparklers - Yidumduma's Aboriginal Astronomy. H.C. Cairns, Merimbula, NSW. pp. 107-113.

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Star Name]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]] [[Category:Ser]] [[Category:Wardaman]][[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:Australia and New Zealand]] [[Category:Oceania]]

Wia

2026-07-05T18:15:18Z

Sushoff:

Kemenu

2026-07-05T18:14:40Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
Kemenu (... 𓈖...𓅓 𓅱), Crew, is an Egyptian constellation of three stars ρ Sgr - 44 Sgr, <s>used in Ramesside Star Clocks (RSC)</s>.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
=== Origin of Constellation ===
Juan, what is the origin here - is that in the RSC???

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focused on the so-called decan-constellation (further south).
<gallery>
File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).
File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg|Schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.
File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg|Explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier
File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)
File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif|Tomb of Ramses IX with a RSC, detail photograph by J. Belmonte.
</gallery>

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== IAU WGSN star name discussion ==
The name was proposed to WGSN in 2025. As Kemenu means something as "crew", we are not sure if it would be appropriate for a single star. Juan Belmonte suggests to look for any pair of closing stars or a star which is multiple (not to the naked eye) in the area east of Kaus Australis, as in that case, it may suit. Therefore, we pick HIP 89637 is 6.03 mag in V.

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]][[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]]

Qedty

2026-07-05T18:06:56Z

Sushoff:

Wia

2026-07-05T18:02:46Z

Sushoff:

File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg

2026-07-05T17:47:36Z

Sushoff: Sushoff uploaded a new version of File:Tepiamenit stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg

== Summary ==
Tepiamenit stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour, IAU WGSN).
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

Kemenu

2026-07-05T17:38:27Z

Sushoff: /* Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
Kemenu (... ), [translation] ... ... is an Egyptian name, used in RSC/ ... .

<here comes a short explanation: what is the earliest known occurance, what does it mean in their culture, perhaps were it stems from if e.g. taken over from other roots...>

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
What does the term mean, does it always have the same meaning - was it changed over time.

=== Origin of Constellation ===
The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star clocks (RSC) are astronomical devices developed in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

There has been two dedicated approaches including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>). The constellation Bird could be the one represented in the northern sector of several celestial diagrams.

Belmonte first defended his ideas at SEAC2001 in Stockholm (Belmonte, 2003)<ref name=":1" /> that were later used for posterior works such as Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref>Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focused on the so-called decan-constellation (further south).
<gallery>
File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).
File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg|Schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.
File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg|Explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier
File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)
File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif|Tomb of Ramses IX with a RSC, detail photograph by J. Belmonte.
</gallery>

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]][[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]]

Apdu

2026-07-05T17:36:45Z

Sushoff:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif|thumb|Detail of RSC in tomb of Ramses IX with Apdu (CC BY Juan Belmonte).]]
[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hieroglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
[[File:Apedu.png|thumb|Apdu in hieroglyphs.]]

==== Spelling Variants ====

* Apedu

*Apdu
*Apd(w)
[[File:Stellarium ApduBird.gif|thumb|Apdu bird as falcon (like the one depicted in the tomb of Sethy I in the King's Valley) mapped to Stellarium]]

=== Origin of Constellation ===
The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star clocks (RSC) are astronomical devices developed in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

There has been two dedicated approaches including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>). The constellation Bird could be the one represented in the northern sector of several celestial diagrams.

Belmonte first defended his ideas at SEAC2001 in Stockholm (Belmonte, 2003)<ref name=":1" /> that were later used for posterior works such as Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref>Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>.

Among these hypotheses, it was proposed to locate the 4 stars of the Ramesside Star clocks located in the constellation Apd (Apdu) in Triangulum and close to Algol (proposal recently endorsed by Belmonte and Lull, 2023)<ref name=":2" />. Pegasus is far in RA.

Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1" /> proposal was, considering the corresponding RA:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Egyptian
!
!Translation
!Identification<ref name=":2" />
|-
|b'nt nt apd
|Banat net Apdu
|(the Peak of the Bird)
|Alpha Tri ([[Mothallah|Mothalla]])
|-
|tp n apd
|Tep en Apdu
|(the Head of the Bird)
|Beta Tri
|-
|htyt nt apd
|Hetyt net Apdu
|(the Throat of the Bird)
|A star in the area of [[Algol]]
|-
|kft=f
|
|Its rump (of the Bird)
|Alpha Per ([[Mirfak]])
|}
Being imaginative and avoiding interference with the stars in the Ramesside tables, which were probably the brightest in the constellation, we may even suggest for γ Tri a name of something certainly located in the head of Apdu, for example the Eye (the peak is already another hour-star).

==== Identifications ====
The area of The Bird must cover a region in Triangulum and close to Algol. Belmonte and Lull (2011) proposed the following identifications:

* (a) Banat net Apdu (the Peak of the Bird) - α Tri
* (b) Tep en Apdu (the Head of the Bird) - β Tri
* (c) Hetyt net Apdu (The Throat of the Bird) - a star close to Algol
* (d) Iret net Apdu (the Eye of the Bird) - γ Tri

=== Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focused on the so-called decan-constellation (further south). <gallery>
File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).
File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg|Schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.
File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg|Explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier
File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)
File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif|Tomb of Ramses IX with a RSC, detail photograph by J. Belmonte.
</gallery>

== Religion/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
[[File:Apdu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN (1).jpg|thumb|Apdu stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN)]]
Alpha and Beta Trianguli are already named but Gamma is not. Apdu is the name of a constellation so it is not appropriate for a single star. Considering RA, γ Tri could have served as an hour-star as well as β Tri (similar RA) and possibly formed part of the head of the Bird "Tep en Apdu" which could be a good name for it but this can cause confusion with β Tri. Hence, Irt-nt-apd(w) or "Iret net Apdu", the Eye of the Bird, would describe the position of γ Tri. Irtentapdu (for the eye of the bird, γ Tri) was proposed as a star name in 2023/5 in WGSN. Egyptian language does not spell all letters; in Irt-nt-Apd(w) some vowels can be added for easier pronounciation.

In November 2025, WGSN decided to adopt the name of the attested constellation "Apdu" rather than an invented star name within this ancient constellation. The name was adopted for γ Tri (Gamma Trianguli) as proposed.

γ Tri is a bright (V=4.0 mag) star of type A0Vn (Abt 1995) at distance of approximately 36 parsecs. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A%26A...537A.120Z/abstract Zorec & Royer (2012)] estimate the star to have an effective temperature of 9940 K, luminosity of about 32x that of the Sun, radius of 2.11 Rsun, mass 2.26 Msun, projected rotational velocity (vsini) 254 km/s, and age of 407+-39 million years. Fetherolf+ (2023) detects variability with period 0.450848 day in TESS photometric data, consistent with rotation. Combining the radius calculated from the Zorec and adopting the rotation period from Fetherolf, this would suggest an equatorial rotation velocity of about 236 km/s, similar to the vsini value. This suggests that the star is seen equator-on. The star also has a dusty debris disk detected by the IRAS, Spitzer, and WISE missions (e.g., [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJS..211...25C/abstract Chen et al. 2014, ApJS], 268, 4). All of its properties, including its color, equatorial rotational velocity, and even its dusty debris disk, make the star very similar to Vega, except Vega is seen nearly pole-on, and γ Tri is apparently seen nearly equator-on.

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]][[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Tri]][[Category:Per]]

Kemenu

2026-07-05T17:35:44Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
Kemenu (... ), [translation] ... ... is an Egyptian name, used in RSC/ ... .

<here comes a short explanation: what is the earliest known occurance, what does it mean in their culture, perhaps were it stems from if e.g. taken over from other roots...>

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
What does the term mean, does it always have the same meaning - was it changed over time.

=== Origin of Constellation ===
The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star clocks (RSC) are astronomical devices developed in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

There has been two dedicated approaches including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>). The constellation Bird could be the one represented in the northern sector of several celestial diagrams.

Belmonte first defended his ideas at SEAC2001 in Stockholm (Belmonte, 2003)<ref name=":1" /> that were later used for posterior works such as Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref>Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

<gallery>
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 1
Example.jpg|modern mapping by author XY
Example.jpg|ancient manuscript 2
Example.jpg|modern mapping by author AB
Example.jpg|something else ...
</gallery>

== Religion/ Tales/ Mythology ==
mnemonic tales and cultural significance

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]][[Category:Egyptian]]
[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Star Name]]

APIN

2026-07-05T15:01:14Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = 𒀳 (APIN)
| native = 𒀳
| translation = Plough
| pronounce = APIN (Epinnu)
| IPA = /a:pin/
| culture = Babylonia
| RA = 2.29452158 to 37.26632087
| dec = 55.14989972 to 67.4023867
| areatotal = 189.12
| numbermainstars = 40
| numberbfstars = 21
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 4
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = [[Schedar]]
| starmagnitude = 2.23
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Cas
| notes =
| cat = constellation
}}
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg|thumb|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
'''Var.:'''

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz2014: 245
*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) mul gišAPIN ''ša ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA IGI-''i''[''t''] mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' MUL ┌BI ┐ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).
*
*Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [mulapin] // 50 // d''En-lil''2, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).
*
*Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: mulapin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).
*
*
**<s>Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].</s>
*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>'''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plow' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country"Enlil 1].</s>
**<s>'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).</s>
**<s>'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].</s>
*<s>BM 34713.</s>
**<s>The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
**<s>A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1):
** mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2
** "The plough, Enlil, who goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)'''
**mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN
**"The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' Stars of Elam, Akkad, and Amurru: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208, Akkad 1].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", (Horowitz 2014, 145-146).
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector 1 of the inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications ====
In the early times of cuneiform reading, scholars suggested various astronomical identifications that we consider obsolete after our discussion in Hoffmann and Horowitz (2022)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Horowitz, W. (2022). How to identify “The Plough” MUL.APIN, epinnu? in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 148-170</ref>. Still we give them here for reference:

* Cassiopeia (Weidner Hdb. p.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. p. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*Triangulum <s>Boreale</s> (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84),
*Triangulum (Pingree)

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Religous Identifications:=====
 (1) = Marsː [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šur-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If the Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

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== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

APIN

2026-07-05T14:59:50Z

Sushoff: /* Additional */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = 𒀳 (APIN)
| native = 𒀳
| translation = Plough
| pronounce = APIN (Epinnu)
| IPA = /a:pin/
| culture = Babylonia
| RA = 2.29452158 to 37.26632087
| dec = 55.14989972 to 67.4023867
| areatotal = 189.12
| numbermainstars = 40
| numberbfstars = 21
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 4
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Schedar
| starmagnitude = 2.23
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Cas
| notes =
| cat = constellation
}}
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg|thumb|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
'''Var.:'''

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz2014: 245
*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) mul gišAPIN ''ša ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA IGI-''i''[''t''] mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' MUL ┌BI ┐ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).
*
*Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [mulapin] // 50 // d''En-lil''2, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).
*
*Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: mulapin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).
*
*
**<s>Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].</s>
*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>'''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plow' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country"Enlil 1].</s>
**<s>'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).</s>
**<s>'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].</s>
*<s>BM 34713.</s>
**<s>The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
**<s>A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1):
** mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2
** "The plough, Enlil, who goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)'''
**mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN
**"The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' Stars of Elam, Akkad, and Amurru: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208, Akkad 1].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", (Horowitz 2014, 145-146).
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector 1 of the inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications ====
In the early times of cuneiform reading, scholars suggested various astronomical identifications that we consider obsolete after our discussion in Hoffmann and Horowitz (2022)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Horowitz, W. (2022). How to identify “The Plough” MUL.APIN, epinnu? in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 148-170</ref>. Still we give them here for reference:

* Cassiopeia (Weidner Hdb. p.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. p. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*Triangulum <s>Boreale</s> (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84),
*Triangulum (Pingree)

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Religous Identifications:=====
 (1) = Marsː [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šur-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If the Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

|-
|
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

Jian

2026-07-05T14:38:22Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Jian (建)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Jianxing in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|'''''Jian'' in Stellarium''']]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Jiàn (建)
| native = 建
| translation = Erect
| pronounce = Jian
| IPA = /tɕjɛn˥˩/
| culture = Chinese
| RA = ... to ...
| dec = ... to ...
| areatotal = xx.xx
| numbermainstars = 6
| numberbfstars = 6
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 1
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = π Sgr [[Albaldah]]
| starmagnitude = 2.88
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Sgr
| notes =
| cat = constellation
}}
Jiàn (Erect, 建), also called Jianxing, is a six-star asterism belongs to the Shi tradition and is preserved with a determinative-star coordinate in the Shi star catalogue quoted in the ''Kaiyuan zhanjing''. It lies north of Nandou and corresponds to part of modern Sagittarius. Modern reconstructions usually take ξ² Sgr as the determinative star and identify the other members with ο Sgr, π Sgr, d Sgr, ρ¹ Sgr, and υ Sgr. It was in existence at least by the 4th century BC.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The primary meaning of ''jian'' 建 is “to set up” or “to erect,” as in raising a wooden pole or a flagstaff. It was later extended to mean “to establish,” “to institute,” or “to construct.” During the Warring States, Qin, and Han periods, Jian was used in one tradition as the eighth of the Twenty-Eight Lodges. At the same time, there also existed a parallel system in which this position was occupied by Dou 斗, and it was this latter system that gradually became the more widely accepted one in later periods. Since the region of Jian was regarded as the place where the Sun was located at the winter solstice, and since the winter solstice served as a crucial starting point for astronomical computation, Jian acquired special calendrical significance. It was therefore described as “the gate through which yin and yang begin and end” and as “the origin of the harmonic(which correspond closed to calendar) and the calendar.” Because Jian lies close to the ecliptic, the space between Nandou and Jian was understood as a route along which the Sun, Moon, and Five Planets travelled. For this reason, Jian was also known by such names as “Celestial Pass” (''Tianguan'' 天关) or “the metropolitan pass of Heaven” (''tian zhi duguan'' 天之都关).<ref>''Kaiyuan zhanjing'', j. 65</ref> A ''guan'' 关 was both a node of movement and a point of frontier control; consequently, Jian further came to evoke the symbolic world of flags, drums, and horses—objects associated with military mobilization and command. Its alternative name “Celestial Flag” (''Tianqi'' 天旗) may also be related to the original sense of ''jian'' as “raising” or “setting up” a banner. In sum, because of its long history and its important celestial position, Jian accumulated a rich range of meanings. The convergence and layering of these cultural associations transformed it into a highly conceptual asterism, one that brought together celestial location, planetary motion, calendrical beginnings, routes of passage, and the military-administrative order of the state. It may thus be understood as a symbol of order combining calendrical, transit, and politico-military meanings.

Jian also acquired other extended meanings. The ''Tianwen zhi'' of the ''Sui shu'' and the ''Kaiyuan zhanjing'' preserve an interpretation of its six-star structure: the two southern stars are the Celestial Storehouse; the two central stars are the Market, or alternatively the axe and execution block; and the two upper stars are the Flag. The statement in the ''Shiwei: Yadu lan'' 詩緯·雅度覽, “When the Jian stars move, labor will not cease,” clearly draws on another extended meaning of ''jian'', namely “to build” or “to undertake construction.”<ref>''Kaiyuan zhanjing'', j. 65</ref> This illustrates a common feature of astrological texts: the same asterism did not correspond to a single fixed object, but could carry several related and mutually transformable layers of meaning in different textual and divinatory contexts.

A prominent actual record involving Jianxing is the “guest star” of the ninth year of Yongping in the Later Han (66 CE). The text says that it emerged at Qianniu, was eight chi long, passed Jianxing, reached south of Fang, and disappeared after fifty days. 出牵牛，长八尺，历建星至房南，灭见至五十日<ref>''Hou Han shu'', Tianwen zhi</ref> Ho Peng Yoke lists it as no. 78 and treats it as a likely comet, probably related to Halley’s comet, because of its length, motion, and duration.<ref>Ho Peng Yoke, “Ancient and Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” Vistas in Astronomy 5 (1962)</ref>

=== Identification of stars ===
The modern identification of the six stars of Nandou is relatively stable.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
! style="color: gray;" |Modern Corspondance
|-
|1st (determinative)
|xi² Sgr
|-
|2nd
|omi Sgr
|-
|3rd
|pi Sgr
|-
|4th
|d Sgr
|-
|5th
|rho¹ Sgr
|-
|6th
|ups Sgr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |historical map
|-
|[[File:Jianxing on Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Jian on ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Jianxing on Gezi yuejin tu.jpg|thumb|Jian on ''Gezi yuejin tu'']]
|[[File:Jianxing on Suzhou stat map.jpg|thumb|Jian on Suzhou stat map]]
|[[File:Jianxing and Nandou in Stellarium.png|thumb|Jian and Nandou in Stellarium]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Jian" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. There are some Chinese celestial records of historical comets that occurred near Jian. Since xi² Sgr is the determinative star of it, then this name should be applied to xi² Sgr.

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Sgr]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Nandou

2026-07-05T14:32:59Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Nandou (南斗)}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Nandou in Stellarium.jpg|thumb|'''Nandou in Stellarium''']]
{{Infobox constellation
| name = Nandou (南斗)
| native = 南斗
| translation = Southern Dipper
| pronounce = Nándǒu
| IPA = /nan˧˥ toʊ˨˩˦/
| culture = Chinese
| RA = ... to ...
| dec = ... to ...
| areatotal = xx.xx
| numbermainstars = 6
| numberbfstars = 6
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 3
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = σ Sgr
| starmagnitude = 2.07
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Sgr
| notes =
| cat = constellation
}}
Nándǒu (Southern Dipper 南斗), also called Dou Xiu, is the eighth of the Twenty-eight Lunar Lodges and the first lodge of the Northern Black Tortoise group. It consists of six stars in the modern constellation [[Sagittarius]]. It has existed at least 2500 years, is one of the oldest asterisms in China.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
The name Dou refers to a dipper, ladle, or measuring vessel; because this dipper lies in the southern part of the sky in contrast to Beidou, the Northern Dipper, it is called Nandou, the Southern Dipper.<gallery widths="300" heights="300">
File:A dou (a type of water scooping vessel) from the Shang Dynasty with a snake-shaped handle, housed in the Shanxi Museum in Taiyuan,.jpg|'''A dou (a type of water scooping vessel) from the Shang Dynasty with a snake-shaped handle, housed in the Shanxi Museum in Taiyuan'''
File:A dou (a type of rice measuring vessel) housed in the Li Hongzhang Memorial Hall in Hefei.jpg|'''A dou (a type of rice measuring vessel) housed in the Li Hongzhang Memorial Hall in Hefei'''
</gallery>

In official astrological literature Nandou was not merely a vessel-shaped figure. Its member stars were interpreted as a Celestial Temple, Heavenly Storehouse, Heavenly Treasury, celestial gate, imperial banner, and administrative pivot. The material image of a dipper was therefore reinterpretated as a wider symbolic system of imperial administration. This asterism was also regarded by some people as governing ranks, emoluments, lifespan, and military affairs.

In later popular and Daoist contexts, Nandou acquired the symbolic role of governing life or birth, paired with Beidou as governing death. Tombstone portraits unearthed from archaeological excavations often depict the scene of the Southern Dipper paired with the Northern Dipper. The story in ''Soushen ji'', juan 3, about Guan Lu管辂 seeing two old men playing chess is often summarized as "the Northern Dipper registers death, the Southern Dipper registers life." This differs from the early institutional astrology of the Twenty-eight Lodges, but it possibly shows the older association of Nandou with the allotted lifespan was reorganized in medieval and later religious imagination, or conversely. <gallery widths="500" heights="300">
File:Rubbing of the Pictorial Stone Image of Four Symbols and Yellow Emperor (Eastern Han dynasty), Nandou is at the lest side.jpg|'''Rubbing of the Pictorial Stone Image of Four Symbols and Yellow Emperor (Eastern Han dynasty), Nandou is at the lest side'''
File:Nandou in the Pictorial Stone Image of Four Symbols and Yellow Emperor (Eastern Han dynasty).jpg|'''Nandou in the Pictorial Stone Image of Four Symbols and Yellow Emperor (Eastern Han dynasty)'''
</gallery>As a lunar mansion, Nandou often served as a positional reference in records of unusual celestial phenomena.

One of the most important records is considered by some scholars to be the guest star record of SN 386.<ref>Susanne M Hoffmann, Nikolaus Vogt, Cataclysmic variables as possible counterparts of ancient Far Eastern guest stars, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Volume 494, Issue 4, June 2020, Pages 5775–5786, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1162</nowiki></ref><blockquote>"Emperor Xiaowu of Jin, 11th year of the Taiyuan reign period, third month. There was a guest star in Nandou [LM8] that lasted until the 6th month (Jul 13 to Aug 10), when it disappeared"太元十一年三月，客星在南斗，至六月乃没。 (Jin shu, Tianwen zhi, ch. 13; Song shu, Tianwen zhi, ch. 25 according to Xu, Pankenier, Jiang 2000[3]).<gallery widths="400" heights="400">
File:G7.7–3.7 A Young Supernova Remnant Probably Associated with the Guest Star in 386 CE (SN 386).jpg|'''G7.7–3.7 A Young Supernova Remnant Probably Associated with the Guest Star in 386 CE (SN 386)<ref>Zhou P, Vink J, Li G, et al. G7. 7–3.7: A Young Supernova Remnant Probably Associated with the Guest Star in 386 CE (SN 386)[J]. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2018, 865(1): L6.</ref>'''
</gallery></blockquote>In addition, there are some other records of suspected supernovae/novae that occurred near Nandou; due to the early age, there are no corresponding records elsewhere in the world. Therefore, Nandou has played an important role in astrophysical research.

=== Identification of stars ===
The modern identification of the six stars of Nandou is relatively stable: ζ, τ, σ, φ, μ, and λ Sagittarii. Historical catalogues describe the internal form as a bowl (kui) and a handle (bing or biao). The determinative star is the fourth star of the bowl, φ Sagittarii; while Tang astronomer Yixing also mentioned that in Han dynasty the first star of the bowl was used as determinative star. Because the direction of numbering differs among catalogues, the table below is arranged by traditional asterism position, with Yi Shitong's common numbering indicated in parentheses.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
! style="color: gray;" |Mordern Corspondance
|-
| 1st
| style="color: gray;" | zeta Sgr
|-
| 2nd
| style="color: gray;" | tau Sgr
|-
| 3rd
| style="color: gray;" | sigma Sgr
|-
|4th
| style="color: gray;" | phi Sgr (determinative)
|-
|5th
|mu Sgr
|-
|6th
|gamma Sgr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |historical map
|-
|[[File:Nandou in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.jpg|thumb|Nandou in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
|[[File:Nandou in Gezi yuejin tu.png|thumb|Nandou in ''Gezi yuejin tu'']]
|[[File:Nandou in Suzhou Star Map.jpeg|thumb|Nandou in Suzhou Star Map]]
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Nandou" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. There are some Chinese celestial records of suspected supernovae/novae that occurred near Nandou; due to the early age, there are no corresponding records elsewhere in the world. Therefore, Nandou has played an important role in astrophysical research. Since phi Sgr is the determinative star of it, then this name should be applied to phi Sgr.

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]]
[[Category:Constellation ]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category:Sgr]]
[[Category:Star Name]]

Pattern:ChinDict

2026-07-05T14:28:12Z

Sushoff:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Pinyin (Chin.)}}

{{distinguish|}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
Chinese constellation.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
...

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Traditional/Qing)
!style="color: gray;" |Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!style="color: gray;" |Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!style="color: gray;" |Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. Fig 55.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!style="color: gray;" |Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p435-443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!style="color: gray;" |SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 235-296.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st/4th
| style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
| x
| x
|-
| 2nd/3rd
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
| x
| x
|-
| 3rd/2nd
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
| x
| x
|-
|4th/1st
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
|style="color: gray;" | x
| x
| x
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
|
|
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category: ]]