APIN - Revision history

Sushoff at 15:01, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T15:01:14Z

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	\| numberbrightstars = 4		\| numberbrightstars = 4
	\| numbernearbystars =		\| numbernearbystars =
	\| brighteststarname = Schedar		\| brighteststarname = [[Schedar]]
	\| starmagnitude = 2.23		\| starmagnitude = 2.23
	\| neareststarname =		\| neareststarname =

Sushoff: /* Additional */

2026-07-05T14:59:50Z

Additional

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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, who goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).		* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1):
	*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).		** <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>
			** "The plough, Enlil, who goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
			*'''(2)'''
			**<sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN
			**"The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
	\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]		\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
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	\|}		\|}
	===Additional===		===Additional===

			==== Previous Identifications ====
			In the early times of cuneiform reading, scholars suggested various astronomical identifications that we consider obsolete after our discussion in Hoffmann and Horowitz (2022)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Horowitz, W. (2022). How to identify “The Plough” MUL.APIN, epinnu? in: Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 148-170</ref>. Still we give them here for reference:

			* Cassiopeia (Weidner Hdb. p.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. p. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
			*Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
			*Triangulum <s>Boreale</s> (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84),
			*Triangulum (Pingree)

	====Deity. ====		====Deity. ====
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	====Astrology.====		====Astrology.====

	=====Identifications:=====		=====Religous Identifications:=====
	(1) = Marsː [...<sup>mul</sup>]APIN <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).		(1) = Marsː [...<sup>mul</sup>]APIN <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

Sushoff at 11:44, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T11:44:58Z

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	\| bordering = Cas		\| bordering = Cas
	\| notes =		\| notes =
			\| cat = constellation
	}}		}}
	[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]		[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]

Sushoff at 08:12, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T08:12:43Z

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 ----
 [[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
 [[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
 <sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

WayneHorowitz at 12:11, 3 June 2026

2026-06-03T12:11:40Z

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	\|'''"The Great Star List".'''		\|'''"The Great Star List".'''
	*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: <sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>min (= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";		*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: <sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>min (= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
	* '''(2)''' ~~12 stars~~ of Akkad: <sup>mul</sup>apin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208, Akkad 1].		* '''(2)''' Stars of Elam, Akkad, and Amurru: <sup>mul</sup>apin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208, Akkad 1].
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WayneHorowitz at 12:14, 1 June 2026

2026-06-01T12:14:49Z

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	*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN ''ša ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA IGI-''i''[''t''] <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA GUB-''zu'' MUL <sup>┌</sup>BI <sup>┐</sup> <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).		*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN ''ša ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA IGI-''i''[''t''] <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA GUB-''zu'' MUL <sup>┌</sup>BI <sup>┐</sup> <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).
	*		*
	*Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).		*Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).
	*		*
	*Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: <sup>mul</sup>apin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).		*Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: <sup>mul</sup>apin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).
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	\|'''"The Great Star List".'''		\|'''"The Great Star List".'''
	*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: <sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>min (= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";		*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: <sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>min (= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
	* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: <sup>mul</sup>apin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].		* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: <sup>mul</sup>apin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208, Akkad 1].
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WayneHorowitz: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-06-01T12:12:12Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:12, 1 June 2026
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	\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
	*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN ''ša ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA IGI-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA GUB-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).		Horowitz2014: 245
			*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN ''ša ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA IGI-''i''[''t''] <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA GUB-''zu'' MUL <sup>┌</sup>BI <sup>┐</sup> <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).
	*		*
	*~~<s>~~Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).~~</s>~~		*Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).
	*		*
	*~~<s>~~Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: <sup>mul</sup>apin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).~~</s>~~		*Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: <sup>mul</sup>apin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).
	*		*
	*		*

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

2026-05-30T14:22:55Z

Sources & Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:22, 30 May 2026
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	\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
	*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>~~apin~~ ''ša ina'' ~~zi im~~.~~kur~~.~~ra igi~~-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>~~mar~~.~~gid~~<sub>2</sub>.~~da gub~~-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' ~~kur~~ ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).		*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN ''ša ina'' ZI IM.KUR.RA IGI-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA GUB-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).
	*		*
	*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>		*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>

WayneHorowitz at 13:28, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T13:28:16Z

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	\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
	*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 II iii ~~103~~).		*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).
	*		*
	*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>		*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>

WayneHorowitz at 11:40, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T11:40:34Z

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	<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.		<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

	It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods. ~~<nowiki>[[Is the 2023 article before or after our article on MUL.APIN??]]</nowiki>~~		It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==