Elamātum - Revision history

Sushoff at 10:26, 12 June 2026

2026-06-12T10:26:08Z

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	<sup>(mul)</sup>''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈), "Elamite", occurs as an independent constellation in the Old Babylonian literary work ''Girra and'' ''Elamatum'' and as one of 10 asterisms invoked in an ‘Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night;’ here between ''Qaštum'' and ''Zappum'', ‘The Bow’ and the Pleiades (Horowitz 2014: 118). A third example of e-la-ma-tum in syllabic Akkadian is found in ~~the Akkadian introduction to~~ the bilingual menology for Elul (Month VI).		<sup>(mul)</sup>''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈), "Elamite", occurs as an independent constellation in the Old Babylonian literary work ''Girra and'' ''Elamatum'' and as one of 10 asterisms invoked in an ‘Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night;’ here between ''Qaštum'' and ''Zappum'', ‘The Bow’ and the Pleiades (Horowitz 2014: 118). A third example of ''e-la-ma-tum'' in syllabic Akkadian is found in the bilingual menology for Elul (Month VI).

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Sushoff at 10:24, 12 June 2026

2026-06-12T10:24:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:24, 12 June 2026
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	<sup>(mul)</sup>''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈) occurs as an independent constellation in the Old Babylonian literary work ''Girra and'' ''Elamatum'' and as one of 10 asterisms invoked in an ‘Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night;’ here between ''Qaštum'' and ''Zappum'', ‘The Bow’ and the Pleiades (Horowitz 2014: 118). A third example of e-la-ma-tum in syllabic Akkadian is found in the Akkadian introduction to the bilingual menology for Elul (Month VI).		<sup>(mul)</sup>''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈), "Elamite", occurs as an independent constellation in the Old Babylonian literary work ''Girra and'' ''Elamatum'' and as one of 10 asterisms invoked in an ‘Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night;’ here between ''Qaštum'' and ''Zappum'', ‘The Bow’ and the Pleiades (Horowitz 2014: 118). A third example of e-la-ma-tum in syllabic Akkadian is found in the Akkadian introduction to the bilingual menology for Elul (Month VI).

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Sushoff at 10:23, 12 June 2026

2026-06-12T10:23:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:23, 12 June 2026
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	<sup>(mul)</sup>''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈) occurs as an ~~appellation of~~ the ~~goddess Ištar,~~ ''~~<nowiki/>~~'~~Ištar~~'' ''~~Elamātum~~'~~,'' generally understood~~ as ~~'Ištar, the Elamite~~ one~~.' The earlier interpretation as a designation~~ of an asterism is rejected. The reading is confirmed by syllabic spellings (e.g., ''E-la-ma-tum'', Astrolabe B 15). The name is usually rendered as “Elamite (Ištar)”.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the ~~64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy~~ of ~~Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> This may be~~ the ~~result of a merging of ''~~'~~the Elamite Venus goddess~~''' ~~(P???)~~ and ~~an independent asterism~~ ''~~Elamātum~~'' ~~best known from~~ the ~~Old Babylonian astral-myth ''Girra and Elamatum''~~ (Horowitz 2014: ~~75,~~ 118-~~119~~).		<sup>(mul)</sup>''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈) occurs as an independent constellation in the Old Babylonian literary work ''Girra and'' ''Elamatum'' and as one of 10 asterisms invoked in an ‘Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night;’ here between ''Qaštum'' and ''Zappum'', ‘The Bow’ and the Pleiades (Horowitz 2014: 118). A third example of e-la-ma-tum in syllabic Akkadian is found in the Akkadian introduction to the bilingual menology for Elul (Month VI).

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769.~~ ''~~e-la-ma-tum~~'' ~~is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>~~''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827], but the interpretation of the "Elamite Bow" is rejected for this text.		'''Variants'''

	This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]''). There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) mention an OB myth for this reference:<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''<sub>4</sub> (Anu-Path, line 12 right).</blockquote>		* no variants known

			=== Etymological Discussion ===
			The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769. ''e-la-ma-tum'' is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827], but the interpretation of the '''"Elamite Bow" is rejected''' for this text.

			This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]''). There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) mention an OB myth for this reference:<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''<sub>4</sub> (Anu-Path, line 12 right).</blockquote>The example of ''e-la-ma-tum'' in syllabic Akkadian in the introduction to the bilingual menology for Elul (Month VI) in KAV 218 I ii 16, 19 reads:<blockquote><sup>itu</sup>KIN <sup>mul</sup>pan <sup>d</sup>Inanna elam.maki.ke<sub>4</sub> . . .

			<sup>itu</sup>KIN ''ši-pir'' <sup>d</sup>EŠ4.DAR ''e-la-ma-ti'' . . .</blockquote><blockquote>(Horowitz 2014: 35)</blockquote><blockquote>The month of Elul: The Bow (asterism), (identified with) Inanna of Elam . . .</blockquote><blockquote>The month of Elul: The service of Ištar, the Elamite . . .</blockquote>The grammar of the Sumerian version, with the indication of the genitive + ergative (ak + e) at the end of the line, clearly identifies the Bow-constellation, as the Elamite aspect of Mesopotamian Inanna = Elamite Pirengir/Pinengir. However, the Akkadian version omits a reference to the Bow asterism, with the writing ''e-la-ma-ti'' as a noun, here apparently in apposition to the name of the goddess. Most likely, the Akkadian line is based on a translation of the full Sumerian name of Month VI: <sup>itu</sup>KIN.<sup>d</sup>INANNA (Sumerian kin = Akkadian ''šipru''). However, the survival of a memory of an asterism ''elamâtum'' down into the first millennium cannot be fully ruled out. See MUL.APIN I ii 7: <sup>mul</sup>PAN <sup>d</sup>Iš-tar NIM.MA-tu<sub>4</sub> (var. ''e-la-ma-tú'') DUMU.SAL <sup>d</sup>''en-líl'' (Hunger and Steele 2019: 40). For further discussion see Horowitz 2014: 73-76. For ‘The Bow’ and the goddess Inanna = Ištar see the entry for <sup>mul</sup>pan.

	=== Sources and Identification(s) ===		=== Sources and Identification(s) ===
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	\|'''Astrolabes ...'''		\|'''Astrolabes ...'''
	'''~~Wayne add here~~'''		The term occurs as an appellation of the goddess Ištar, ''<nowiki/>'Ištar'' ''Elamātum','' generally understood as 'Ištar, the Elamite one.' The earlier interpretation as a designation of an asterism is rejected. The reading is confirmed by syllabic spellings (e.g., ''E-la-ma-tum'', Astrolabe B 15). The name is usually rendered as “Elamite (Ištar)”.<ref name=":0" /> This may be the result of a merging of the Elamite Venus goddess (P???) and an independent asterism ''Elamātum'' best known from the Old Babylonian astral-myth ''Girra and Elamatum'' (Horowitz 2014: 75, 118-119).
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-

Sushoff at 11:59, 3 June 2026

2026-06-03T11:59:57Z

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	<sup>(mul)</sup>''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈) occurs as an appellation of the goddess Ištar ~~as the planet Venus~~, ''<nowiki/>'Ištar'' ''Elamātum','' generally understood as 'Ištar, the Elamite one.' The earlier interpretation as a designation of an asterism is rejected. The reading is confirmed by syllabic spellings (e.g., ''E-la-ma-tum'', Astrolabe B 15). The name is usually rendered as “Elamite (Ištar)”.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> This may be the result of a merging of the Elamite Venus goddess (P???) and an independent asterism ''Elamātum'' best known from the Old Babylonian astral-myth ''Girra and Elamatum'' (Horowitz 2014: 75, 118-119).		<sup>(mul)</sup>''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈) occurs as an appellation of the goddess Ištar, ''<nowiki/>'Ištar'' ''Elamātum','' generally understood as 'Ištar, the Elamite one.' The earlier interpretation as a designation of an asterism is rejected. The reading is confirmed by syllabic spellings (e.g., ''E-la-ma-tum'', Astrolabe B 15). The name is usually rendered as “Elamite (Ištar)”.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> This may be the result of a merging of '''the Elamite Venus goddess''' (P???) and an independent asterism ''Elamātum'' best known from the Old Babylonian astral-myth ''Girra and Elamatum'' (Horowitz 2014: 75, 118-119).

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Sushoff at 11:59, 3 June 2026

2026-06-03T11:59:20Z

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	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
	~~[[Category:Solar System]]~~
	~~[[Category:Planet]]~~
	~~[[Category:Venus]]~~
	[[Category:Asterism]]		[[Category:Asterism]]

Sushoff at 11:55, 3 June 2026

2026-06-03T11:55:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:55, 3 June 2026
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	This word has been interpreted as a definition in the expression ''qaštum elamātum'' "Elamite Bow". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 196; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q, 152; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73] and was identified with the constellation [[PAN\|<sup>mul</sup>PAN]], considered an astral incarnation of Ištar of Elam, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN\|PAN]] as well as [Cooley 2013<ref>Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.</ref>, 124-129]. Here taking ''qaštum elamātum'' as a single asterism would reduce the number of asterisms in the prayer to 9, which is unacceptable given the fact that the parallel ERM 15642 lists 10 asterisms, including ''qaštum'' on its own (Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 118-119). Further, ''Elamātum'' is not the form of the fem. adjective, which would be ''elamītum'' for 'Elamite Bow.' Therefore, the earlier interpretation of ''qaštum'' in the Prayer to the Gods of the Night can be rejected.		This word has been interpreted as a definition in the expression ''qaštum elamātum'' "Elamite Bow". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 196; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q, 152; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73] and was identified with the constellation [[PAN\|<sup>mul</sup>PAN]], considered an astral incarnation of Ištar of Elam, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN\|PAN]] as well as [Cooley 2013<ref>Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.</ref>, 124-129]. Here taking ''qaštum elamātum'' as a single asterism would reduce the number of asterisms in the prayer to 9, which is unacceptable given the fact that the parallel ERM 15642 lists 10 asterisms, including ''qaštum'' on its own (Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 118-119). Further, ''Elamātum'' is not the form of the fem. adjective, which would be ''elamītum'' for 'Elamite Bow.' Therefore, the earlier interpretation of ''qaštum'' in the Prayer to the Gods of the Night can be rejected.
	\|no identification		\|no identification
			\|-
			\|'''Astrolabes ...'''
			'''Wayne add here'''
			\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''GU-text'''		\|'''GU-text'''

Sushoff at 06:08, 3 June 2026

2026-06-03T06:08:54Z

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	* D		* D
	** ~~...~~		** mul-al-[lu]l kiminmul-muṥ mul-⸢ban⸣ ''u gìr<sup>II</sup> ṥumēlû ša lu-maš'' mu[l-k]ak-si-sà gu
	** The Crab, or the Snake, the Bow, and the left foot of the constellation of the Arrow - a string.		** The Crab, or the Snake, the Bow, and the left foot of the constellation of the Arrow - a string.
	* F		* F
	** ~~...~~		** 2 mul ⸢ša⸣ sag-du mul-⸢ur-a⸣ kimin murub<sub>4</sub> mul-muš ''ki-ṣir am-mat ša'' mul-kak-[si]-sá ''u'' šu<sup>II</sup> mul-nun-ki gu
	** The two stars of the head of the Lion, or the middle of the Snake, the elbow of the Arrow, and the hand of Nunki - a string.		** The two stars of the head of the Lion, or the middle of the Snake, the elbow of the Arrow, and the hand of Nunki - a string.
	\|If this is the leg of a deity next to the double-constellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar who can be interpreted as the Egyptian Satis (also with bow and arrow), as depicted on the circular Dendera zodiac.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 193-204</ref><blockquote>Note,<ref name=":0" /> however, that the Akk. word for “Elamite” is ''Elam(m)ītu'' whereas ''Elam(a)tum'' is “Elam”. Furthermore, the filiation “daughter of Enlil” contradicts Babylonian mythology where Inanna/Ištar is either the daughter of An/Anum or the daughter of the moon god Nanna/Sîn (who is a son of Enlil and Ninlil). It seems possible that the name is of a different origin, and its association with Elam based on folk etymology.</blockquote>		\|If this is the leg of a deity next to the double-constellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar who can be interpreted as the Egyptian Satis (also with bow and arrow), as depicted on the circular Dendera zodiac.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 193-204</ref><blockquote>Note,<ref name=":0" /> however, that the Akk. word for “Elamite” is ''Elam(m)ītu'' whereas ''Elam(a)tum'' is “Elam”. Furthermore, the filiation “daughter of Enlil” contradicts Babylonian mythology where Inanna/Ištar is either the daughter of An/Anum or the daughter of the moon god Nanna/Sîn (who is a son of Enlil and Ninlil). It seems possible that the name is of a different origin, and its association with Elam based on folk etymology.</blockquote>

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[2] */

2026-06-03T05:39:38Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[2]

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:39, 3 June 2026
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	The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769. ''e-la-ma-tum'' is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827], but the interpretation of the "Elamite Bow" is rejected for this text.		The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769. ''e-la-ma-tum'' is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827], but the interpretation of the "Elamite Bow" is rejected for this text.

	This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]''). There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) mention an OB myth for this reference:<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''<sub>4</sub> (~~AN 12r~~).</blockquote>		This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]''). There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) mention an OB myth for this reference:<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''<sub>4</sub> (Anu-Path, line 12 right).</blockquote>

	=== Sources and Identification(s) ===		=== Sources and Identification(s) ===

Sushoff: /* Historical Dictionaries */

2026-06-03T05:38:45Z

Historical Dictionaries

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:38, 3 June 2026
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769. ''e-la-ma-tum'' is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827].		The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769. ''e-la-ma-tum'' is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827], but the interpretation of the "Elamite Bow" is rejected for this text.

	This word has been interpreted as a definition in the expression ''qaštum elamātum'' "Elamite Bow". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 196; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q, 152; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73] and was identified with the constellation [[PAN\|<sup>mul</sup>PAN]], considered an astral incarnation of Ištar of Elam, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN\|PAN]] as well as [Cooley 2013<ref>Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.</ref>, 124-129]. Here taking ''qaštum elamātum'' as a single asterism would reduce the number of asterisms in the prayer to 9, which is unacceptable given the fact that the parallel ERM 15642 lists 10 asterisms, including ''qaštum'' on its own (Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 118-119). Further, ''Elamātum'' is not the form of the fem. adjective, which would be ''elamītum'' for 'Elamite Bow.' Therefore, the earlier interpretation of ''qaštum'' in the Prayer to the Gods of the Night can be rejected.		This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]''). There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) mention an OB myth for this reference:<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''<sub>4</sub> (AN 12r).</blockquote>

	This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]''). There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. <blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''<sub>4</sub> (AN 12r).</blockquote>

	=== Sources and Identification(s) ===		=== Sources and Identification(s) ===
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	\|'''‘Prayers to the''' '''Gods of the Night’.'''		\|'''‘Prayers to the''' '''Gods of the Night’.'''
	The Old Babylonian prayer AO 6769 includes e-la-ma-tum in a list of names of astral deities [Dossin 1935, 181:17; Kurtik 2017, 827].		The Old Babylonian prayer AO 6769 includes e-la-ma-tum in a list of names of astral deities [Dossin 1935, 181:17; Kurtik 2017, 827].
	\|
			This word has been interpreted as a definition in the expression ''qaštum elamātum'' "Elamite Bow". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 196; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q, 152; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73] and was identified with the constellation [[PAN\|<sup>mul</sup>PAN]], considered an astral incarnation of Ištar of Elam, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN\|PAN]] as well as [Cooley 2013<ref>Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.</ref>, 124-129]. Here taking ''qaštum elamātum'' as a single asterism would reduce the number of asterisms in the prayer to 9, which is unacceptable given the fact that the parallel ERM 15642 lists 10 asterisms, including ''qaštum'' on its own (Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 118-119). Further, ''Elamātum'' is not the form of the fem. adjective, which would be ''elamītum'' for 'Elamite Bow.' Therefore, the earlier interpretation of ''qaštum'' in the Prayer to the Gods of the Night can be rejected.
			\|no identification
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''GU-text'''		\|'''GU-text'''

Sushoff at 05:30, 3 June 2026

2026-06-03T05:30:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:30, 3 June 2026
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	\|'''GU-text'''		\|'''GU-text'''

			* D
			** ...
			** The Crab, or the Snake, the Bow, and the left foot of the constellation of the Arrow - a string.
			* F
			** ...
			** The two stars of the head of the Lion, or the middle of the Snake, the elbow of the Arrow, and the hand of Nunki - a string.
	\|If this is the leg of a deity next to the double-constellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar who can be interpreted as the Egyptian Satis (also with bow and arrow), as depicted on the circular Dendera zodiac.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 193-204</ref><blockquote>Note,<ref name=":0" /> however, that the Akk. word for “Elamite” is ''Elam(m)ītu'' whereas ''Elam(a)tum'' is “Elam”. Furthermore, the filiation “daughter of Enlil” contradicts Babylonian mythology where Inanna/Ištar is either the daughter of An/Anum or the daughter of the moon god Nanna/Sîn (who is a son of Enlil and Ninlil). It seems possible that the name is of a different origin, and its association with Elam based on folk etymology.</blockquote>		\|If this is the leg of a deity next to the double-constellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar who can be interpreted as the Egyptian Satis (also with bow and arrow), as depicted on the circular Dendera zodiac.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 193-204</ref><blockquote>Note,<ref name=":0" /> however, that the Akk. word for “Elamite” is ''Elam(m)ītu'' whereas ''Elam(a)tum'' is “Elam”. Furthermore, the filiation “daughter of Enlil” contradicts Babylonian mythology where Inanna/Ištar is either the daughter of An/Anum or the daughter of the moon god Nanna/Sîn (who is a son of Enlil and Ninlil). It seems possible that the name is of a different origin, and its association with Elam based on folk etymology.</blockquote>
	\|}		\|}