GIGIR - Revision history

Sushoff at 10:31, 10 June 2026

2026-06-10T10:31:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:31, 10 June 2026
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	*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]		*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]

	[[Category:~~Mesopotamian~~]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:Sumerian]]		[[Category:Sumerian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]		[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
	[[Category:~~Eurasia~~]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Tau]]		[[Category:Tau]]
	[[Category:Hyades]]		[[Category:Hyades]]

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[7] */

2026-06-07T20:06:57Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[7]

Sushoff: /* Deity. */

2026-05-22T06:40:37Z

Deity.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:40, 22 May 2026
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	===Additional===		===Additional===
			[[File:Chariot SaudiRockArt.jpg\|thumb\|Chariot rock art Saudi Arabia ([https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GbSOxkIXIAAjyUP.jpg see here])]]

	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====

YoulaAzkarrula at 05:44, 20 May 2026

2026-05-20T05:44:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:44, 20 May 2026
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	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:Sumerian]]		[[Category:Sumerian]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Tau]]		[[Category:Tau]]
	[[Category:Hyades]]		[[Category:Hyades]]

Sushoff at 13:04, 5 May 2026

2026-05-05T13:04:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 5 May 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg\|thumb\|division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851 (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026). ]]		[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg\|thumb\|division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851<ref name=":7" /> (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026). ]]
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

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	\|'''Microzodiac'''		\|'''Microzodiac'''
	VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the middle bottom one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the claytablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).		VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the middle bottom one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the claytablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).
	\|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg\|thumb\|The figure on the top left of [[Taurus#/media/File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg\|VAT 7851]] could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]		\|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg\|thumb\|The figure on the top left of [[Taurus#/media/File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg\|VAT 7851]] could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":7">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]
	\|}		\|}
	See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''='' <sup>d</sup>[[Dilbat\|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]		See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''='' <sup>d</sup>[[Dilbat\|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]

Sushoff at 13:02, 5 May 2026

2026-05-05T13:02:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 5 May 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:TauAll+~~year~~.jpg\|thumb\|~~Mesopotamian terms in~~ the sign ~~of Taurus; the diagram shows that~~ the ~~terminology was changed around 300 BCE~~ (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]		[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg\|thumb\|division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851 (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026). ]]
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

Sushoff at 12:40, 3 May 2026

2026-05-03T12:40:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 3 May 2026
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	\|'''Microzodiac'''		\|'''Microzodiac'''
	VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the middle bottom one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the claytablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).		VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the middle bottom one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the claytablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).
	\|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg\|thumb\|The figure on the top left of VAT 7851 could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]		\|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg\|thumb\|The figure on the top left of [[Taurus#/media/File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg\|VAT 7851]] could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]
	\|}		\|}
	See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''='' <sup>d</sup>[[Dilbat\|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]		See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''='' <sup>d</sup>[[Dilbat\|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]

Sushoff at 12:35, 3 May 2026

2026-05-03T12:35:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 3 May 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Microzodiac'''		\|'''Microzodiac'''
	VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the middle bottom one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "MUL.MUL" which is usually the term for the Pleiades star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the claytablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).		VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the middle bottom one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the claytablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).
	\|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg\|thumb\|The figure on the top left of VAT 7851 could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]		\|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg\|thumb\|The figure on the top left of VAT 7851 could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff at 11:43, 2 May 2026

2026-05-02T11:43:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:43, 2 May 2026
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	see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> II iii 23].		see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> II iii 23].
	\|The translation of U.RI.RI is uncertain (could be Mercury or a comet).		\|The translation of U.RI.RI is uncertain (could be Mercury or a comet). If it is a planet, the identification of GIGIR with an asterism in Taurus is likely.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Letters"'''		\|'''"Letters"'''

Sushoff at 11:40, 2 May 2026

2026-05-02T11:40:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:40, 2 May 2026
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	see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> II iii 23].		see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> II iii 23].
	\|		\|The translation of U.RI.RI is uncertain (could be Mercury or a comet).
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Letters"'''		\|'''"Letters"'''

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:06, 7 June 2026
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	** ˹<sup>mul</sup>gigir˺ [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 134, col. ix 7],		** ˹<sup>mul</sup>gigir˺ [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 134, col. ix 7],
	** <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 143, col. x 18].		** <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 143, col. x 18].
	* (2) Urra XXII ~~series~~:		* (2) Series Urra XXII:
	** Urra XXII: 290', <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir = <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:290ʹ].		** Urra XXII: 290', <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir = <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:290ʹ].
	** [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],		** [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],
	* (3) Ea I 48a:		* (3) Ea I 48a:
	** <sup>gi-gir</sup>~~LAGABxBAD~~ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>~~LAGABxBAD~~ <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].		** <sup>gi-gir</sup>LAGAB×BAD ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>LAGAB×BAD <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	Astrological ~~predictions,~~		Astrological predictionsː

	* If U.RI.RI approaches the Chariot: horses will die.		* If U.RI.RI approaches the Chariot: horses will die.
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	* ''šap-la'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''iz-za-az''		* ''šap-la'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''iz-za-az''
	* "below the Chariot in the ~~way~~ (of the stars) of Enlil ~~it stands~~" [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2<ref name=":5">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref> 289-291].		* "it stands below the Chariot in the path (of the stars) of Enlil " [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2<ref name=":5">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref> 289-291].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''~~The~~ Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''		\|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
	* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:		* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:
	** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′],		** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [ADRT I, No.-380 rev. 1′],
	** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, No.-372 D obv. 3′],		** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [ADRT I<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, No.-372 D obv. 3′],
	** GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ar''<sub>2</sub> GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub>, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU<sub>2</sub>...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-366 Col. i 19′],		** GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ar''<sub>2</sub> GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub>, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU<sub>2</sub>...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [ADRT I<ref name=":6" />, No.-366 Col. i 19′],
	** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub> "~~The~~ last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-324 A obv.12],		** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub> "last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [ADRT I<ref name=":6" />, No.-324 A obv.12],
	** GENNA ''ina'' GIGIR SU<sub>2</sub> "~~The~~ last appearance of Saturn in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-266 A obv. 6′], etc.		** GENNA ''ina'' GIGIR SU<sub>2</sub> "last appearance of Saturn in the Chariot" [ADRT I<ref name=":6" />, No.-266 A obv. 6′], etc.
	* (2) There are two "normal stars" in the constellation.		* (2) There are two "normal stars" in the constellation.
	** (a) ~~ŠUR~~ GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).		** (a) ''šur'' GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).
	** (b) ~~ŠUR~~ GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>2</sub> "~~Southern~~ Chariot ~~reins~~" (ζ Tauri).		** (b) ''šur'' GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> "the southern reins of the Chariot" (ζ Tauri).
	\|[[File:GIGIR-GUAN div-350BCE Screenshot.png\|thumb\|It is uncertain where exactly the Chariot constellation was seen, but from the ADRT, the division of the second sign is proven as shown here: the orange (left) part is the Chariot (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, based on Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />).]]		\|[[File:GIGIR-GUAN div-350BCE Screenshot.png\|thumb\|It is uncertain where exactly the Chariot constellation was seen, but from the ADRT, the division of the second sign is proven as shown here: the orange (left) part is the Chariot (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, based on Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />).]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Microzodiac'''		\|'''Microzodiac'''
	VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the middle ~~bottom~~ one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the ~~claytablet~~ actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).		VAT 7851 shows a drawn figure of seven asterisks from which the bottom middle one features some additional rays and the two left ones are a bit more distant from the cluster of the rest. The group is labelled "[[MUL.MUL]]" which is usually the term for the [[Pleiades]] star cluster, but at that (late) time was used in the ADRT for the 30°-section of the Taurus sign. Hence, it is possible that this figure on the clay tablet actually features the Wagon (GIGIR) imagined in the Hyades plus Beta and Zeta Tauri (spanning almost the entire sign).
	\|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg\|thumb\|The figure on the top left of [[Taurus#/media/File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg\|VAT 7851]] could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":7">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]		\|[[File:GIGIR taurus.jpg\|thumb\|The figure on the top left of [[Taurus#/media/File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg\|VAT 7851]] could perhaps represent GIGIR, see Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":7">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>.]]
	\|}		\|}
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	===Additional===		===Additional===
	[[File:Chariot SaudiRockArt.jpg\|thumb\|~~Chariot~~ rock art Saudi Arabia ([https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GbSOxkIXIAAjyUP.jpg see here])]]		[[File:Chariot SaudiRockArt.jpg\|thumb\|Chariotː rock art in Saudi Arabia ([https://pbs.twimg.com/media/GbSOxkIXIAAjyUP.jpg see here])]]

	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	~~Enmesharra~~, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].		Enmešarra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].

	==== Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Chariot with the body of ~~Enmesharra~~ (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].		Chariot with the body of Enmešarra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].

	==== Previous Identification(s). ====		==== Previous Identification(s). ====
	= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer ~~Tevkra~~ ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />; Boll 1903<ref>''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.</ref>, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913<ref>''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel // Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.</ref>, 15:62].		= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Teukros ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />; Boll 1903<ref>''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.</ref>, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913<ref>''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel // Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.</ref>, 15:62].

	= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a].		= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a].
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	= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11-12].		= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11-12].

	= north of Taurus [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].		= north of Taurus [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 271].

	==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
	(1) ~~ŠUR~~ GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).		(1) ''šur'' GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).

	(2) ~~ŠUR~~ GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>2</sub> "~~Southern~~ Chariot ~~reins~~" (ζ Tauri).		(2) ''šur'' GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>3</sub> "the southern reins of the Chariot" (ζ Tauri).

	Stars (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ\|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]].		Stars (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ\|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]].