MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL - Revision history

Sushoff at 11:37, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T11:37:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:37, 5 July 2026
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	\| numberbrightstars = 3		\| numberbrightstars = 3
	\| numbernearbystars =		\| numbernearbystars =
	\| brighteststarname = Pollux		\| brighteststarname = [[Pollux]]
	\| starmagnitude = 1.14		\| starmagnitude = 1.14
	\| neareststarname =		\| neareststarname =
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	\| bordering = Gem		\| bordering = Gem
	\| notes =		\| notes =
			\| cat = constellation
	}}		}}

Sushoff at 09:27, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T09:27:59Z

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ----
 [[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
 <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲), The Great Twins, is the Sumerian for the ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Gemini]], on the one hand referring to the constellation consisting of two human figures, but on the other hand pars-pro-toto used for the ''ziqpu-''stars (α, β Geminorum).
 [[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg|thumb|The Great and Small Twins northeast of The Faithful Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster) as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]

Sushoff at 06:28, 6 June 2026

2026-06-06T06:28:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:28, 6 June 2026
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	* (2) Prediction of cereal prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations (among them <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL) and other phenomena [SpTU I, 94:8, 39].		* (2) Prediction of cereal prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations (among them <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL) and other phenomena [SpTU I, 94:8, 39].
	* (3) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. See also <sup>mulx</sup>/ <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Verderame 2002, Ii, col. i 21; SpTU I, 93:8′; SpTU III, 102:4; SpTU V, 263:4, 5; 264:14; 270:1'-2′].		* (3) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. See also <sup>mulx</sup>/ <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Verderame 2002, Ii, col. i 21; SpTU I, 93:8′; SpTU III, 102:4; SpTU V, 263:4, 5; 264:14; 270:1'-2′].
	\|		\|[[File:Gem2 seal Wallenfels1993.png\|thumb\|Gemini on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993)]]
	\|-		\|-
	!		!
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	= α, β Geminorum, where the identity is assumed: <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA = [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]] (see Kurtik m17, IV).		= α, β Geminorum, where the identity is assumed: <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA = [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]] (see Kurtik m17, IV).

	= Gemini [Horowitz 2014, 247].		= Gemini [Horowitz 2014, 247].<gallery>
			File:Gem2 seal Wallenfels1993.png\|Gemini on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993)
	Ziqpu XVIII, XIX:		File:Gem seal Wallenfels1993.png\|Gemini on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993)
			</gallery>Ziqpu XVIII, XIX:

	2) = α, β Geminorum (Castor and Pollux) [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XVIII-XIX; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86]. According to VAT 16436:10, <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ contain 2 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 226].		2) = α, β Geminorum (Castor and Pollux) [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XVIII-XIX; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86]. According to VAT 16436:10, <sup>múl</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ contain 2 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 226].

Sushoff at 11:15, 2 June 2026

2026-06-02T11:15:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:15, 2 June 2026
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	* [[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]		* [[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]

	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:~~Sumerian~~]]
	[[Category:~~West~~ Asian]] [[Category:~~Asian~~]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:~~Eurasia~~]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
	[[Category:~~Cuneiform~~]]		[[Category:Constellation]][[Category:Asterism]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
	[[Category:~~Asterism~~]]
	[[Category:Gem]]		[[Category:Gem]]

YoulaAzkarrula at 08:30, 25 May 2026

2026-05-25T08:30:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:30, 25 May 2026
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	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Sumerian]]		[[Category:Sumerian]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]
			[[Category:Asterism]]
	[[Category:Gem]]		[[Category:Gem]]

Sushoff at 05:38, 13 May 2026

2026-05-13T05:38:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:38, 13 May 2026
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	[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png\|thumb\|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]		[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png\|thumb\|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲), The Great Twins, is the Sumerian for the ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Gemini]], on the one hand referring to the constellation consisting of two human figures, but on the other hand pars-pro-toto used for the ''ziqpu-''stars (α, β Geminorum).		<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲), The Great Twins, is the Sumerian for the ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Gemini]], on the one hand referring to the constellation consisting of two human figures, but on the other hand pars-pro-toto used for the ''ziqpu-''stars (α, β Geminorum).
	[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg\|thumb\|The Great and Small Twins northeast of The ~~True~~ Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster) as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]		[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg\|thumb\|The Great and Small Twins northeast of The Faithful Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster) as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
	In examples with astronomical content <sup>mul</sup>[[MAŠ.TAB.BA]], 'The Twins,' may be assumed to refer to <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL which is the most important of the 'Twins' constellations as demonstrated by the fact that this is listed first of seven of 'Twins' asterisms in both the Great Star List and the compendium KAR 142. However, the multiplicity of 'Twins' constellations allows for uncertainty in modern identifications of the stars referred to in this category in all instances. This is not solely a modern quandry. For example see the ancient comentary from BPO 2 44-45: 36: MUL ''tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ The Great Twins, it says for [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]. The Akkadian for 'twins' is attested both by the loan word from Sumerian ''māšu'' and ''tu'amu'' which is cognate to terms for 'twins' in other semitic languages including Hebrew (''te'omim'') and Arabic ''(tawaa'im'')		In examples with astronomical content <sup>mul</sup>[[MAŠ.TAB.BA]], 'The Twins,' may be assumed to refer to <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL which is the most important of the 'Twins' constellations as demonstrated by the fact that this is listed first of seven of 'Twins' asterisms in both the Great Star List and the compendium KAR 142. However, the multiplicity of 'Twins' constellations allows for uncertainty in modern identifications of the stars referred to in this category in all instances. This is not solely a modern quandry. For example see the ancient comentary from BPO 2 44-45: 36: MUL ''tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ The Great Twins, it says for [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]. The Akkadian for 'twins' is attested both by the loan word from Sumerian ''māšu'' and ''tu'amu'' which is cognate to terms for 'twins' in other semitic languages including Hebrew (''te'omim'') and Arabic ''(tawaa'im'')

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	\|'''MUL.APIN. ((everywhere we have to synchronize month-names???))'''		\|'''MUL.APIN. ((everywhere we have to synchronize month-names???))'''
	* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 5): <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>d</sup>Lugal-gir<sub>3</sub>-ra ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a 'Great Twins, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea' (I i 5).		* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 5): <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>d</sup>Lugal-gir<sub>3</sub>-ra ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a 'Great Twins, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea' (I i 5).
	* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>SIG<sub>4</sub> UD 10 KAM <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL IGI<sup>me</sup> "On the 10th day of siman the ~~True~~ Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins ascend" (I ii 40).		* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>SIG<sub>4</sub> UD 10 KAM <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL IGI<sup>me</sup> "On the 10th day of siman the Faithful Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins ascend" (I ii 40).
	* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen\|A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]].		* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen\|A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup>]].
	* (4) List of ziqpu stars: <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, between <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> and <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL (I iv 6).		* (4) List of ziqpu stars: <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, between <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> and <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL (I iv 6).

Sushoff: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

2026-03-27T22:33:13Z

Sources & Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:33, 27 March 2026
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Identification(s)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Identification(s)
	\|-		\|-
	\|(Kurtik m17) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL		\|
			==== (Kurtik m17) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL ====
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-

Sushoff: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

2026-03-27T22:32:20Z

Sources & Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:32, 27 March 2026
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Identification(s)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Identification(s)
	\|-		\|-
	~~!====~~ (Kurtik m17) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL~~) ====~~		\|(Kurtik m17) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL
	~~!Identifications~~		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' Horowitz 2014: 247 (Star Names and Constellations)		\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' Horowitz 2014: 247 (Star Names and Constellations)
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	* '''MLC 1866.'''		* '''MLC 1866.'''
	** <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>d</sup>lugal-ir<sub>3</sub>-ra / ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''mes-lam-ta-e''<sub>3</sub> ˹''suk-kal-lum''˺ <sup>d</sup>60 "The Great Twins, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, the vizier of Anu" (iv 16-17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], see also section III. Symbol		** <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL <sup>d</sup>lugal-ir<sub>3</sub>-ra / ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''mes-lam-ta-e''<sub>3</sub> ˹''suk-kal-lum''˺ <sup>d</sup>60 "The Great Twins, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, the vizier of Anu" (iv 16-17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], see also section III. Symbol
	*~~————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————~~ Hatinen JCS 75		*——————————————————————————————— Hatinen JCS 75
	*3′. [¶ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL šina ṣalmū ṣalmu? maḫrû? ziq-n]a ˹za˺-qin ku-ur-˹ku˺-˹ru˺ šakin(GAR-in) 4′. [(…) …] x šaknat(GAR-át) ˹ina˺ rēšī(SAG)-šú ištēn(1) kakkabu(˹MUL˺) ˹e˺-ṣir 5′. [(…) ṣalmu? arkû? ziqna zaqin] kur-˹ku-ru˺ šakin(˹GAR-in˺) ištēnû(1-˹nu˺-ú) kakkabū(MUL.MEŠ) 6′. [ina rēšīšunu eṣrū ṣalmu maḫrû ša pān mulis lê ḫ]i-in-šú i[na] qāt(˹ŠU˺) imittī(˹ZAG˺)-šú na-ši (erasure) 7′. [ṣalmu arkû(EGIR-ú) uskāru(U4.SAKAR) pa-a-šu ina q]āt(Š]U) imittī(˹ZAG˺)-šú na-ši		*3′. [¶ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL šina ṣalmū ṣalmu? maḫrû? ziq-n]a ˹za˺-qin ku-ur-˹ku˺-˹ru˺ šakin(GAR-in) 4′. [(…) …] x šaknat(GAR-át) ˹ina˺ rēšī(SAG)-šú ištēn(1) kakkabu(˹MUL˺) ˹e˺-ṣir 5′. [(…) ṣalmu? arkû? ziqna zaqin] kur-˹ku-ru˺ šakin(˹GAR-in˺) ištēnû(1-˹nu˺-ú) kakkabū(MUL.MEŠ) 6′. [ina rēšīšunu eṣrū ṣalmu maḫrû ša pān mulis lê ḫ]i-in-šú i[na] qāt(˹ŠU˺) imittī(˹ZAG˺)-šú na-ši (erasure) 7′. [ṣalmu arkû(EGIR-ú) uskāru(U4.SAKAR) pa-a-šu ina q]āt(Š]U) imittī(˹ZAG˺)-šú na-ši
	\|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png\|thumb\|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]		\|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png\|thumb\|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]

Sushoff at 22:30, 27 March 2026

2026-03-27T22:30:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:30, 27 March 2026
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	! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" \|Sources		! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" \|Sources
	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Identification(s)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Identification(s)
	\|+		\|-
	!		!==== (Kurtik m17) <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL) ====
	==== (Kurtik m17) ~~Sources~~ <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL) ====
	!Identifications		!Identifications
	\|-		\|-

Sushoff at 22:29, 27 March 2026

2026-03-27T22:29:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:29, 27 March 2026
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
			\|-
			! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" \|Sources
			! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Identification(s)
	\|+		\|+
	!		!