Ziqpu - Revision history

Sushoff at 09:53, 25 June 2026

2026-06-25T09:53:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:53, 25 June 2026
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	# "dusky stars"		# "dusky stars"
	# "Bright star in the Old Man"		# "Bright star in the Old Man"
	# ~~XV.~~ [[Naṣrapu\|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]		# [[Naṣrapu\|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
	# Crook		# Crook
	# "Hand on the Crook"		# "Hand on the Crook"

Sushoff at 09:24, 22 June 2026

2026-06-22T09:24:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:24, 22 June 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession ~~(define???)~~ over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].		(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'.

			Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

YoulaAzkarrula at 11:39, 29 May 2026

2026-05-29T11:39:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:39, 29 May 2026
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	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Akkadian]]		[[Category:Akkadian]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Star Cluster]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Generic Term]]

Sushoff at 15:40, 22 May 2026

2026-05-22T15:40:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:40, 22 May 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].		(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	Var. designations:		'''Var. designations:'''
	* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;		* 1) ''ziqpu'', a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
	* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].		* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].
Line 16:		Line 16:
	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
	See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].		See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
	\|~~Example~~		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	!		!orig.
	!		!transl.
	\|-		\|-
	\|MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> KUR ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu im-ma-ru'' /		\|MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ziq-pi ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' GI<sub>6</sub> KUR ''u'' ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu im-ma-ru'' /
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	!		!orig.
	!		!transl.
	!		!
	\|-		\|-
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	\|'''Late astrology.'''		\|'''Late astrology.'''
	* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].		* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
	* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).		* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'':
			** <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''...
			** "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2];
			** ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

	In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].		In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

2026-05-22T15:12:07Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 22 May 2026
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	# ο, μ, ξ Her		# ο, μ, ξ Her
	# α Lyr ([[Vega]])		# α Lyr ([[Vega]])
	# in the area of θ,η Lyr		# in the area of θ,η Lyr (the ident. with η Lyr is also proposed by Koch 1992; Pingree prefers α Lyr ... but the latter doesn't fit here, as the solitary star is α Lyr which also fits the number of UŠ from the previous star ... and the numbers of UŠ between 6. and 8. does not fit with the sky anyway (30 UŠ given, divided 2:1 with this asterism in between, so that η Lyr fits best)
	# δ Cyg (...)		# δ Cyg (...)
	# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])		# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])
	# α Lac ([[Stellio]])		# α Lac ([[Stellio]])
	# λ And ([[Udkadua]])		# λ And ([[Udkadua]])
	# ... Cas		# ... Cas (π, ο, ξ, ν)
	# ~~M31?~~		# h+χ Per
	# α Per ([[Mirfak]])		# α Per ([[Mirfak]])
	# μ, λ, b, c, d Per		# μ, λ, b, c, d Per
	# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)		# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)
	# θ,υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)		# θ, υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)
	# α Gem ([[Castor]])		# α Gem ([[Castor]])
	# β Gem ([[Pollux]])		# β Gem ([[Pollux]])
	# [[Cancer]]		# [[Cancer]], M44
	# ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)		# ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)
	# α Leo+ ([[Regulus]])		# α Leo+ ([[Regulus]])

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

2026-05-22T14:54:02Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:54, 22 May 2026
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	# the Stag,		# the Stag,
	# the Old Man,		# the Old Man,
	# the ~~Staff~~,		# the Crook,
	# the Great Twins,		# the Great Twins,
	# the Crab,		# the Crab,
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	* [PA]P<sup>?</sup> 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].		* [PA]P<sup>?</sup> 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
	\|		\|
	# in Bootes?		# γ, β, δ Bootes
	# ~~...~~		# ζ, ο, ξ Bootes
	# [[Corona Borealis]]		# [[Corona Borealis]]
	# ?		# π, ρ Her
	# ?		# ο, μ, ξ Her
	# ?		# α Lyr ([[Vega]])
	# ?		# in the area of θ,η Lyr
	# .δ.. ~~cyg~~		# δ Cyg (...)
	# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])		# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])
	# α Lac ~~?... cyg/cep/and~~		# α Lac ([[Stellio]])
	# λ And ([[Udkadua]])		# λ And ([[Udkadua]])
	# ... Cas		# ... Cas
	# M31?		# M31?
	# α Per ([[Mirfak]])		# α Per ([[Mirfak]])
	# ~~...~~		# μ, λ, b, c, d Per
	# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)		# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)
	# θ,υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)		# θ,υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)

Sushoff at 14:24, 22 May 2026

2026-05-22T14:24:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:24, 22 May 2026
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	!
	!		!
	!		!
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	# "Yoke"		# "Yoke"
	# The rear portion of the harness"		# The rear portion of the harness"
	# "~~Staff~~"		# "Circle"
	# "Stars from the Pair"		# "Stars from the Pair"
	# "Stars from the Triple"		# "Stars from the Triple"
	# "~~Separate~~ Star"		# "Single Star"
	# "~~Lord~~ of Life"		# "Lady of Life"
	# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A daemon"		# "Shoulder of the UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A daemon"
	# "The bright star on its breast		# "The bright star on its breast
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	# "Heel (of the Panther)"		# "Heel (of the Panther)"
	# "4 stars of the Stag"		# "4 stars of the Stag"
	# "~~dim~~ stars"		# "dusky stars"
	# "Bright star in the Old Man"		# "Bright star in the Old Man"
	# XV. [[Naṣrapu\|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]		# XV. [[Naṣrapu\|<sup>mul</sup>''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']]
	# ~~"Staff"~~		# Crook
	# "Hand on the ~~Staff~~"		# "Hand on the Crook"
	# "(Frontal) Twin"		# "(Frontal) Twin"
	# "Rear Twin"		# "Rear Twin"
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	# (Kurtik a02).		# (Kurtik a02).
	# (Kurtik sh20).		# (Kurtik sh20).
	\|
	\|}		\|}
	Circle of ziqpu stars.		Circle of ziqpu stars.
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	* [PA]P<sup>?</sup> 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].		* [PA]P<sup>?</sup> 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
	\|		\|
			# in Bootes?
			# ...
			# [[Corona Borealis]]
			# ?
			# ?
			# ?
			# ?
			# .δ.. cyg
			# β Cyg ([[Deneb]])
			# α Lac ?... cyg/cep/and
			# λ And ([[Udkadua]])
			# ... Cas
			# M31?
			# α Per ([[Mirfak]])
			# ...
			# α, β, ε, η, ζ Aur ([[Capella]]+)
			# θ,υ Aur ([[Mahasim]]+)
			# α Gem ([[Castor]])
			# β Gem ([[Pollux]])
			# [[Cancer]]
			# ε, μ Leonis (Zosma, Chertan)
			# α Leo+ ([[Regulus]])
			# δ, θ Leo
			# β Leo ([[Denebola]])
			# γ Com (...), Coma Berenices star cluster
			# η, τ, υ Boo ([[Muphrid]]+)
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Late astrology.'''		\|'''Late astrology.'''

Sushoff at 13:00, 22 May 2026

2026-05-22T13:00:57Z

Show changes

Sushoff at 05:50, 13 May 2026

2026-05-13T05:50:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:50, 13 May 2026
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	\|'''Late astrology.'''		\|'''Late astrology.'''
	* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].		* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
	* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the ~~True~~ Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).		* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>múl</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA <sup>múl</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the Faithful Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

	In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].		In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].

JanSafford at 10:51, 24 April 2026

2026-04-24T10:51:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:51, 24 April 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? ~~MCG~~<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].		(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake)'. Lists of these stars,<ref name=":0" /> with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360° ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1''°''RA'','' and hence indicative of a 360° full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? Horowitz 1988<ref name=":1" />, also with reference to a 364° circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==