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<sup>d</sup>''Erragal'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) is a star and deity identified with one star of a two-star asterism called 'Twins', [[NIN.SAR]] (see Kurtik n40) and ''Erragal''. Together, they form an asterism in Lyra or its vicinity. ''Erragal'' is normally determined as a deity, but note the writings with the MUL (star) determinative in the Great Star List (GSL 232': D ii’ 12’ MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.''èr-ra-''GAL).
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History==
----
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium (CC BY SMH).]]
Var. readings:  
{{Infobox constellation
| name = 𒊩𒌆𒊬, 𒀴𒊏𒃲
| native = 𒊩𒌆𒊬, 𒀴𒊏𒃲
| translation = Nin-SAR and Erragal
| pronounce = Nin-nisig, Erragal
| IPA = /nin-nisig/ , /erragal/
| culture = Babylonia
| RA = 288.4395351 to 289.0920557
| dec = 38.13374205 to 39.14596601
| areatotal = 0
| numbermainstars = 2
| numberbfstars = 2
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 0
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = [[Ninnisig]] θ Lyrae
| starmagnitude = 4.38
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Lyr
| notes =
| cat = Two Star-Asterism
}}
<sup>d</sup>''Erragal'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) and <sup>d</sup>[[NIN.SAR]] ('The Lady of Greenery') form a two-star asterism in the vicinity of [[UZ3|UZ<sub>3</sub>]] 'The Goat' ([[Lyra]]) in the series MUL.APIN. They are listed as one of the seven celestial twins in The Great Star List - there with the star determinative MUL rather than the divine determinative DINGIR: MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.''èr-ra-''GAL.  
 
So, <sup>d</sup>''Erragal'' is a star and deity identified with one star of a two star-asterism, the second star being NIN-nisig.
 
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings:'''


* ''Irragal''; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.  
* ''Irragal''; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.  


In astronomical texts it is paired with <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR and identified with a star in the constellation Lyrae (ζ Lyrae) [G. 125; Litke 1998, 60; Tallqvist 1938, 329, 402].
In astronomical texts it is paired with <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR / NIN-nisig and identified with a star in the constellation Lyra [Gössmann <ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 125; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329, 402].  
 
The term formerly read NIN.SAR, now probably to be read <sup>d</sup>nin.nisig.
 
==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 12: Line 46:
|-
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''  
|'''MUL.APIN.'''  
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 26):  
* List of the stars of Enlil:  
** 2 MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Er<sub>3-</sub>ra-''gal''
** 2 MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB<sup>meš</sup>-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Er<sub>3-</sub>ra-gal
** "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind <sup>d</sup>LAMMA = Vega): Ninsar and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA, 26].
** "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub>): Nin-nisig and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
|Example
|[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium, sky culture "MUL.APIN".]]
|-
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia.'''  
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea.'''  
* 7 pairs of celestial Twins:  
* 7 pairs of celestial Twins:  
* <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal paired with <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:233]; for a parallel see. [KAR, 142 i 33].  
* <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal paired with <sup>mul</sup>nin.mu<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:233]; for a parallel see [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 33].  
|Example
|Example
|-
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:18.'''
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:18.'''
* <sup>mul</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra-gal'' = <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Aḫ-bi-tum''
* <sup>mul</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra-gal'' = <sup>d</sup>U.GUR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Aḫ-bi-tum''
* "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Ahbitum" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
* "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Aḫbitum" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|
|}
====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|θ Lyrae
|HIP 94713
|within constellation lines
| 4.38
|-
|2
|[[Aladfar]]
|HIP 94481
|within constellation lines
|4.398
|}
|}
===Additional===
===Additional===


==== II. Deity. ====
==== Deity. ====
         The list of gods AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998, 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the VR 46 list, 1:18, <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity <sup>d</sup>''Aḫ-bi-tum''. In the Great Star List and Miscellenia, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).
         The list of gods AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the list VR 46, 1:18, <sup>d</sup>Nin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity <sup>d</sup>''Aḫ-bi-tum''. In the Great Star List and Miscellanea, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).


==== III. Identification. ====
==== Previous Identification. ====
         <sup>mul</sup>nin.sar and <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957-59, 80b].
         <sup>mul</sup>nin.sar and <sup>mul</sup>ir<sub>3</sub>.ra.gal = η + θ Lyrae (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].


         <sup>d</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Erragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA, 138; ASM, 272, 274].
         <sup>d</sup>''Nin''-SAR ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Erragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM, 272, 274].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
[[Category:Akkadian]]  
[[Category:Akkadian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]]  
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]] [[Category:Lyr]]

Latest revision as of 11:33, 5 July 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Wayne Horowitz, Youla Azkarrula

NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium (CC BY SMH).

<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>

𒊩𒌆𒊬, 𒀴𒊏𒃲
Asterism Info
Native
𒊩𒌆𒊬, 𒀴𒊏𒃲
RomanisationNin-nisig, Erragal
IPA/nin-nisig/ , /erragal/
Translation
Nin-SAR and Erragal
Position (2000)
Right ascension288.4395351 to 289.0920557
Declination38.13374205 to 39.14596601
Area0 sq. deg.
Stars
Bright stars2
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		2
Stars brighter than 3.00m0
Brightest starNinnisig θ Lyrae (4.38m)
Taxonomy
category
of asterism		Two Star-Asterism
IAU-
constellations		Lyr

dErragal (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) and dNin-nisig ('The Lady of Greenery') form a two-star asterism in the vicinity of UZ3 (𒍚, Akkadian Enzu) 'The Goat' (Lyra) in the series MUL.APIN. They are listed as one of the seven celestial twins in The Great Star List - there with the star determinative MUL rather than the divine determinative DINGIR: MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.èr-ra-GAL.

So, dErragal is a star and deity identified with one star of a two star-asterism, the second star being NIN-nisig.

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

Var. readings:

  • Irragal; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.

In astronomical texts it is paired with dNin.SAR / NIN-nisig and identified with a star in the constellation Lyra [Gössmann [2] 125; Litke 1998[3], 60; Tallqvist 1938[4], 329, 402].

The term formerly read NIN.SAR, now probably to be read dnin.nisig.

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identifications
MUL.APIN.
  • List of the stars of Enlil:
    • 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBmeš-zu dNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal
    • "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind mulUZ3): Nin-nisig and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA[5], 26].
NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium, sky culture "MUL.APIN".
"The Great Star List and Miscellanea.
  • 7 pairs of celestial Twins:
  • mulir3.ra.gal paired with mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol.[6], App. B:233]; for a parallel see [KAR[7], 142 i 33].
 Example
List of stars V R 46, 1:18.
  • mulNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal = dU.GUR u dAḫ-bi-tum
  • "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Aḫbitum" [HBA[8] 51; Wee 2016[9], 162-3].

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 θ Lyrae HIP 94713 within constellation lines 4.38
2 Aladfar HIP 94481 within constellation lines 4.398

Additional

Deity.

         The list of gods AN: dAnum (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of dNin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998[10], 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the list VR 46, 1:18, dNin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity dAḫ-bi-tum. In the Great Star List and Miscellanea, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).

Previous Identification.

         mulnin.sar and mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lyrae (?) [Weidner 1957-59[11], 80b].

         dNin-SAR u dErragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA[12], 138; ASM, 272, 274].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, e21) Gössmann (1950)
вар. чтения: Irragal; = «Великий Эрра»; божество чумы и смерти, одно из имен Нергала. В астрономических текстах встречается в паре с dNin.SAR и отождествляется со звездой в созвездии Лира (ζ Lyrae) [G. 125; Litke 1998, 60; Tallqvist 1938, 329, 402].

I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 26): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBmeš-zu dNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal «Две звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. позади dLAMMA = Вега): Нинсар и Эррагаль» (I i 27) [MA, 26]. «Большой список звезд». 7 пар небесных Близнецов: mulir3.ra.gal в паре c mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:233]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 33]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:18. mulNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal = dU.GUR u dAḫ-bi-tum «Нинсар и Эррагаль = Нергал и Ахбитум» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3].

II. Божество.

В списке богов AN:dAnum (I 332) Эррагаль определяется как муж dNin.SAR и отождествляется с Нергалом [Litke 1998, 60 + note 332, 200:10–11 + note 10]. В списке VR 46, 1:18, напротив, dNin.SAR (ошибочно?) связано с Нергалом, а Эррагаль с неизвестным божеством dAḫ-bi-tum. В «Большом списке звезд» имена двух богов включены в список небесных близнецов (см. выше).

III. Отождествление.

mulnin.sar и mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].

dNin-SAR u dErragal = ε и ζ Lyrae [MA, 138; ASM, 272, 274].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  3. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  4. ↑ Tallqvist K. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.
  5. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  6. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  7. ↑ Ebeling E. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
  8. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  9. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  10. ↑ Litke R.L. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).
  11. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  12. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
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